Term
| What stage of lung development is from fertilization to 6 weeks? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lung buds first appear on the ___ day? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what stage are the bronchi and bronchioles lined with cuboidal epithelium? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bronchial mucous glands and goblet cells appear the the ___ week? |
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Definition
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Term
| Thinning of the extracellular mesoderm occurs at what stage of lung development? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stage of lung development is from 27 weeks to term? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fetal lung fluid is composed of what (3)? |
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Definition
sodium chloride
bicarbonate
protein (small percentage) |
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Term
| The fetal lung will start producing and secreting fluid at what day? |
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Definition
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Term
| Surfactant is stored where? (not type II) |
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Definition
| lamellar inclusion bodies |
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Term
| Immature surfactant at 24 weeks gestation lacks what? |
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Definition
| phosphatidylglycerol (PG) |
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Term
| L/S ratio and PG level determine what? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 functions of amniotic fluid |
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Definition
acts as cushion
thermoregulation
fetal movement |
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Term
| This disease is associated with oligohydramnios |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first major organ to develop? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what week does the heart resemble an S shape? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what week can you first hear fetal heart sounds? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what week does the truncus arteriosus separate into the pulmonary artery and aorta? |
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Definition
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Term
| The umbilical cord contains what? |
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Definition
2 umbilical arteries
1 umbilical vein
wharton's jelly |
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Term
| Name each shunt and what they bypass |
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Definition
ductus venosus - liver
foramen ovale - lungs (via right atrium -> left atrium)
ductus arteriosus - lungs (via pulmonary art -> aorta)
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Term
| In the fetal circulation, what vessel has an 80% O2 saturation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the symptoms of preeclampsia? (3) |
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Definition
elevated BP
proteinuria
edema |
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Term
| What are 3 concerns for multiple gestations? |
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Definition
prematurity
placenta problems
cord problems |
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Term
| Polyhydramnios is definied as abnormally large amounts of fluid, above ___ L. |
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Definition
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Term
| Maternal age becomes an issue when the mother is younger than ___ and older than ___. |
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Definition
| 16 and 40 years respectively |
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Term
| What 3 ways will a baby be affected if there placental abruption? |
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Definition
decreased BP and HR
difficulty breathing
decreased O2 lvls |
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Term
| Term for abnormally low implantation of placenta in uterus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
4 pregnancies
3 births
0 abortions
1 living child |
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Term
| Increased lvl of what may indicate Rh incompatibility? |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased creatinine lvls indicate what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| If fetal heart rate decreases at the same time of uterine contraction and then returns to normal between contractions, it is considered a type ___ deceleration. |
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Definition
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Term
| Type 1 Deceleration in fetal heart rate is thought to be from what? |
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Definition
| stimulation of vagus nerve from squeezing of head |
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Term
| If fetal heart rate decreases after onset of contractions and then returns to normal after contractions end, it is a type ___ deceleration. |
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Definition
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Term
| Type 2 deceleration in fetal heart rate is caused by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| If there is no correlation between contraction and decrease in fetal heart rate, it is a type ___ decleration. |
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Definition
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Term
| Type 3 deceleration in fetal heart rate is usually the result of what? |
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Definition
| compression of umbilical cord |
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Term
| Elevated lvls of alpha fetoprotein in maternal serum levels indicate what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the normal fetal scalp pH range? |
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Definition
| 7.35 (at beginning of labor) to 7.25 (at 2nd stage of labor) |
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Term
| What fetal scalp pH indicates slight asphyxia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fetal scalp pH indicates severe asphyxia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dosage for betamethasone? |
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Definition
| two 12 mg intramuscular injections, 24 hrs apart |
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Term
| What is the dosage for dexamethasone? |
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Definition
| four 6 mg doses every 12 hours |
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Term
| Terbutaline sulfate and ritodrine are used for what? |
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Definition
| relaxes smooth muscle contractions |
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Term
| Magnesium sulfate does what to uterine contractions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Indomethacin (Indocin) does what to uterine contractions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What fraction of fetal lung fluid is removed by squeezing during vaginal delivery? Absorbed by lymphatic system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What negative intrathoracic pressures are generated with an infant's first breath? (values) |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 factors for the initiation of breathing in a newborn? |
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Definition
asphyxia
recoil of the thorax
environmental changes |
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Term
| What shunt closes within 3-7 days of birth and forms the ligamentum venosum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for RDS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What neonatal pulmonary disorder is most common in white males? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the etiologies of RDS? (2) |
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Definition
pulmonary surfactant deficiency
structually immature lungs |
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Term
| A newborn is premature and shows signs of tachypnea, seesaw breathing, and nasal flaring. He has decreased breath sounds and fine inspiratory crackles. CXR shows air bronchograms. What is the diagnosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what stage of RDS can you see a diffuse reticulogranular pattern and a slightly enlarged heart in the CXR? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what stage of RDS can you first see air bronchograms in the CXR? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what stage of RDS can you see an increase in density and air bronchograms beyond the heart border? |
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Definition
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Term
| What neonatal pulmonary disorder is an obstructive disease resulting from delayed absorption of fetal lung fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| A CXR has perihilar streaking, pulmonary vascular congestion, interlobular fissures, hyperinflation, and a flattened diaphragm. The possible diagnosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Meconium aspiration syndrome has two effects. They are? |
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Definition
partial or total obstruction of airways
chemical pneumonitis |
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Term
| Describe the best procedure done to a nonvigorous newborn who has MAS. |
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Definition
intubate w/ meconium aspirator
suction and pull tube out
reintubate until clear or until baby can't handle |
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Term
| What is the most common characteristic of PPHN? |
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Definition
| return to fetal circulation due to increased PVR |
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Term
| What are the three types of PPHN? |
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Definition
vascular spasm
increased muscle wall thickness
decreased cross-sectional area of vasculature |
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Term
| Which of the 3 types of PPHN has the best prognosis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
hyperoxia test
hyperoxia - hyperventilation test
preductal - postductal PaO2 comparison
cardiac ultrasound |
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Term
| What organism is the primary cause of pneumonia in newborns? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the predisposing factors of pneumonia in a newborn? (4) |
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Definition
PROM
prematurity
nosocomial infections
mom's peck peck owned by pathogens |
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Term
| Neonates can acquire pneumonia via these three routes. |
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Definition
transplacental
perinatal
postnatal |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of pneumonia acquired through the transplacental route? |
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Definition
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Term
| What broad spectrum antibiotics do you give a newborn with pneumonia? |
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Definition
| ampicillin and gentamicin |
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Term
| Apnea is defined as what (2 factors) |
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Definition
greater than 20 seconds
respiratory pause long enough for signs of bradycardia or cyanosis |
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Term
| What is the difference between primary and secondary apnea? |
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Definition
episodes of primary apnea respond to tactile stim
episodes of seondary respond to pos pres vent |
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Term
| Etiologies for BPD/CLD (3) |
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Definition
prematurity
oxygen toxicity
barotrauma/volutrauma |
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Term
| 2 contributing factors of BPD and CLD? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stage of BPD do you see a ground glass appearance on the CXR? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stage of BPD do you see hyaline membrane formations and lung opacities on the CXR? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stage of BPD do you see small cystic changes and the flattening of the diaphragm (slightly) on the CXR? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stage of BPD do you start to see atelectasis on the CXR? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does dexamethasone do for BPD/CLD? |
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Definition
improves lung mechanics and gas exchange
reduces lung inflammation |
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Term
| In this air leak syndrome, air is trapped in the interstitium of the lung. |
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Definition
| pulmonary interstitial emphysema |
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Term
| In this air leak syndrome, air dissects into the mediastinum along the perivascular and peribronchial space. |
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Definition
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Term
| In this air leak syndrome, medial air ruptures into the pleural space and the lung collapses under pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| In this air leak syndrome, air enters the pericardial space. |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 ways can you use to diagnosis air leak syndrome? |
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Definition
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Term
| Another name for retinopathy of prematurity. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 factors that contribute to retinopathy of prematurity. |
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Definition
lengthy exposure to O2
retinovascular immaturity
circulatory and resp instability |
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Term
| Considering intraventricular hemorrhage, the most common location of bleeding is in the? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two cyanotic congenital heart defects? |
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Definition
transposition of the great arteries
tetralogy of fallot |
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Term
| Tetralogy of fallot is comprised of what factors? (4) |
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Definition
pulmonary stenosis
ventricular septal defect
dextroposition aorta
RVH |
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Term
| This acyanotic congenital heart defect is the most common and results in left to right shunt and CHF. |
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Definition
| ventricular septal defect |
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Term
| This acyanotic congenital heart defect is the result of incomplete closure of the foramen ovale. |
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Definition
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Term
| This acyanotic congenital heart defect typically occurs in premature infants and may act as right to left or left to right shunt depending on SVR and PVR. |
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Definition
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Term
| Term for herniation of the intestines into the thorax. |
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Definition
| congenital diaphragmatic hernia |
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Term
| Can you use pos pres ventilation by bag mask on a newborn with congenital diaphragmatic hernia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Considering tracheoesophageal fistulas, VATER stands for what? |
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Definition
vertebral anomalies
imperforate anus
TE fistula
renal or radial anomalies |
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Term
| Considering tracheoesophageal fistulas, what does VACTERL stand for? |
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Definition
vertebral anomalies
imperforate anus
cardiac anomalies
TE fistula
renal and limb anomalies |
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Term
| In this disease, the newborn has a small jaw in comparison to the tongue (which obstructs the airway). |
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Definition
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Term
| Choanal atresia can result from 3 factors |
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Definition
choanal stenosis
bony septum
complete membrane obstructing nasal passage |
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|
Term
| 3 treatments for choanal atresia? |
|
Definition
use of oral airway
intubation
surgical intervention |
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Term
| Term for herniation of abdominal viscera into umbilical cord covered by a perinatal sac. |
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Definition
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Term
| Term for herniation of abdominal viscera into umbilical cord w/o covering of perinatal sac. |
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Definition
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