Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when you manage for quality, you think about... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how bermudagrass is propegated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why pH is important to plants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the year of establishment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmitted from parent to offspring |
|
|
Term
| how the endophyte in tall fescue is transmitted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some perennial Cool-Season Forage Grasses |
|
Definition
-Tall Fescue
-Perennial Ryegrass
-Festulolium (hybrid between fescue and annual ryegrass)
-Orchardgrass |
|
|
Term
| some annual Cool-Season Forage Grasses |
|
Definition
-Annual Ryegrass
-Wheat & Rye
-Oats & Triticale |
|
|
Term
| festulolium is a hybrid between... |
|
Definition
| fescue and annual ryegrass |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of cool-season grasses |
|
Definition
| -C3 photosynthesis
-Grow best in cool weather
-Geographically better adapted in northern USA
-Produce well during spring, autumn, and to lesser extent winter
-Require vernalization to flower (important in seed production)
-Stem elongation period—sensitive to grazing |
|
|
Term
| the type of p'synth in cool-season grasses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the weather cool-season grasses grow best in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cool season grasses better adapted to this part of USA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when cool-season grasses produce well |
|
Definition
| spring, autumn, and to lesser extent winter |
|
|
Term
| something required for cool-season grasses to flower |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| longer days in spring stimulate ______ in cool-season grasses |
|
Definition
| stem elongation and flowering |
|
|
Term
| ______ stimulate stem elongation and flowering |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cool-season grasses sensitive to this during stem elongation period |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some mixtures of cool season plants you can sometimes find |
|
Definition
-Alfalfa—orchardgrass
-White clover—tall fescue |
|
|
Term
| factors in the growth distribution of cool season grasses |
|
Definition
-Reproductive vs. vegetative growth
-Higher temperatures in summer
-Drought |
|
|
Term
| this happens when you grow 2 different species together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some details about growing cool season grasses |
|
Definition
-Sow in autumn (late September to early November in GA)
-Plant into well prepared seedbed, or no-till into killed sod
-Plant shallow!
-May mix with legumes, or seed legumes later
-Manage for quality
-Will need N fertilizer if grown alone |
|
|
Term
| some primary cool season grasses for Georgia |
|
Definition
-orchardgrass
-tall fescue
-annual ryegrass
-perennial ryegrass |
|
|
Term
| some Other Important Cool-Season Grasses (Northern US) |
|
Definition
-reed canarygrass
-smooth bromegrass
-Timothy
-Kentucky bluegrass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| European/North African origin – main germplasm centers |
|
|
Term
| part of US tall fescue is adapted to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where tall fescue is best |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the old standard cultivar of tall fescue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| should you use Kentucky 31 tall fescue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the types of fescue that are mainly used in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We focus of the continental type of tall fescue because... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the type of pollinator tall fescue is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tall fescue has no fixed genetic form. What does this mean? |
|
Definition
| all plants in a cultivar are different |
|
|
Term
| the climate tall fescue is adapted to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the soil tall fescue is adapted to |
|
Definition
| fertile well-drained soils |
|
|
Term
| some soil conditions that tall fescue can tolerate |
|
Definition
| Tolerates acid, infertile, poorly drained and drought-prone soils |
|
|
Term
| soil pH range for tall fescue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pH range tall fescue performs best in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Minimum annual rainfall for tall fescue |
|
Definition
| 18-25 inches (450-630 mm) |
|
|
Term
| a disease that can affect tall fescue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| climates in which tall fescue can contract brown patch disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the grass preferred by livestock producers in N. Georgia |
|
Definition
| tall fescue; it is very durable |
|
|
Term
| Growth Habit of Tall Fescue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| description of the bunchgrass habit of tall fescue |
|
Definition
-Dense tiller production
-Weakly rhizomatous
-A lot of leaf area close to soil surface |
|
|
Term
| why tall fescue is grazing tolerant |
|
Definition
| because it has lots of leaf area close to soil surface |
|
|
Term
| which is more winter active? tall fescue or perennial ryegrass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| grazing tolerance of tall fescue |
|
Definition
| Very tolerant of grazing (until summer) |
|
|
Term
| what to do with grazing of tall fescue late in summer |
|
Definition
| give it a rest, especially if it's endophyte free |
|
|
Term
| when to give tall fescue a rest |
|
Definition
| late summer, especially if it's endophyte free |
|
|
Term
| tall fescue is excellent for growing... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when to establish tall fescue |
|
Definition
| Fall (mid-September to mid-October) |
|
|
Term
| how much tall fescue to establish at a time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plant tall fescue at this depth |
|
Definition
| plant 0.25-0.5 inches deep |
|
|
Term
| what to do if you plant tall fescue using no till |
|
Definition
| spray with herbicide prior to planting |
|
|
Term
| what to do if you plant tall fescue using conventional till |
|
Definition
| till soil, use cultipacker prior to seeding |
|
|
Term
| rate of fertilization for tall fescue when establishing it |
|
Definition
| Fertilize with 20 lbs/A N, P, K |
|
|
Term
| when to fertilize tall fescue in spring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much to fertilize tall fescue in spring (early-mid February) |
|
Definition
| fertilize with 60-80 lbs N (P, K if needed) |
|
|
Term
| how to graze tall fescue during the first year |
|
Definition
| Graze lightly first year (start when 6” tall, don’t defoliate below 1.5”) |
|
|
Term
| Do not graze after this date during establishment year |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endophyte fungus does not ______ plant cells, rather... |
|
Definition
penetrate
grows in between cell walls |
|
|
Term
| tall fescue endophytes are closely related to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tall Fescue Endophyte Transmitted through... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why infected tall fescue plants yield infected seed |
|
Definition
| because tall fescue endophyte is transmitted thru seed |
|
|
Term
| the amount of tall fescue endophytes that contain endophytes |
|
Definition
| 95% of all “naturalized” populations |
|
|
Term
| the relationship between tall fescue and the endophyte |
|
Definition
| Live in mutualistic relationship: Endophytes give plant cold and drought tolerance, insect resistance (greater growth and reproduction), MAMMALIAN RESISTANCE!!! |
|
|
Term
| another fungal endophyte species is also present in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what endophyte in tall fescue produces that makes animals sick |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some sicknesses that can be caused by the alkaloid toxins produced by the tall fescue endophyte |
|
Definition
-fescue foot
-fescue toxicosis |
|
|
Term
| Effects of tall fescue Endophyte Toxin in Cattle |
|
Definition
-vasoconstriction
-decreased prolactin |
|
|
Term
| what vasoconstriction can cause in cattle |
|
Definition
| increased body temperature |
|
|
Term
| what decreased prolactin can cause in cattle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the amount of Loss due to tall fescue endophyte |
|
Definition
| $700 Million to $1 Billion/yr |
|
|
Term
| some things tall fescue endophyte can cause in horses |
|
Definition
-Distocia
-retained placenta
-“red bag” |
|
|
Term
| some Results of fescue toxicosis |
|
Definition
-reduces calf weaning percentage
-reduces calf weaning weight
-depresses feed intake
-reduces live weight gain per acre
-reduces milk production
-increases body temperature in summer |
|
|
Term
| the parts of tall fescue than contain endophyte toxin, from most to least |
|
Definition
| seedheads>stem+sheath>blade |
|
|
Term
| why you don't want tall fescue to go to seed |
|
Definition
| because the seed heads contain the most tall fescue endophyte toxin |
|
|
Term
| why there's more tall fescue endophyte when you apply more N |
|
Definition
| because of more intercellular space, which means more room for the endophyte |
|
|
Term
| seasons in which the amount of tall fescue endophyte is highest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| conditions under which tall fescue endophyte is increased |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this is generally considered to be the main toxin in tall fescue |
|
Definition
| Ergovaline (an ergopeptine alkaloid) |
|
|
Term
| how to manage Wild-type Infected Fescue |
|
Definition
-keep pasture vegetative
-minimize seedheads by grazing frequency or clipping
-add legumes to dilute toxic effect, since animal is likely to ingest legumes before ingesting tall fescue
-graze warm season grasses in summer to avoid temperature problems
-creep feed calves on non-fescue forage |
|
|
Term
| keep tall fescue pasture in this state |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| minimize tall fescue seedheads by... |
|
Definition
| grazing frequency or clipping |
|
|
Term
| what you want to add to dilute the toxic effect of tall fescue endophyte and why this might work |
|
Definition
| add legumes to dilute toxic effect, since animal is likely to ingest legumes before ingesting tall fescue |
|
|
Term
| when to graze warm season grasses and why |
|
Definition
| graze warm season grasses in summer to avoid temperature problems |
|
|
Term
| can hay from infected fescue be toxic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of fescue that can be used to replace infected fescue |
|
Definition
-Endophyte free fescue
-Novel endophyte infected fescue (MaxQ) |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of endophyte-free fescue |
|
Definition
-lacks persistence in Georgia (in general)
-less disease/insect/nematode resistance
-better livestock performance |
|
|
Term
| some characteristics of novel endophyte infected fescue (MaxQ) |
|
Definition
-endophyte doesn’t produce toxic alkaloids
-still has some anti-insecticidal alkaloids
-excellent animal performance plus survival |
|
|
Term
| where the non toxic endophytes come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how to convert existing tall fescue to non-toxic endophyte infected varieties |
|
Definition
-Apply RoundUp, which will kill everything
-Split applications of Roundup 4-6 weeks apart (1 qt/A)
-Direct drill into existing stand |
|
|
Term
| some summary details about tall fescue |
|
Definition
-Endophyte helps survival esp. in south
-Novel endophytes have no animal problems
-High quality if grazed appropriately
-Good “stockpile” ability—maintains quality into winter (issue in north)
-Most of the seed for this is produced in Oregon
-Best choice for GA of cool-season grasses |
|
|
Term
| where most of the seed produced for tall fescue is produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the primary grass in UK, NZ, Europe, Aust. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| uses of perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
| Pasture or silage; often monocultures + N |
|
|
Term
| some details about perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
-Primary grass in UK, NZ, Europe, Aust.
-Pasture or silage; often monocultures + N
-High quality, persistent under close grazing, rapid establishment, palatable, compatible with white clover
-Likes N
-High carbohydrate levels in leaves (fructans) = energy (20-50% more than other temperate grasses) |
|
|
Term
| Warm season grasses store their carbs as ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cool season grasses store their carbs as ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where perennial ryegrass is best |
|
Definition
-coastal areas
-irrigated valleys |
|
|
Term
| can perennial ryegrass be used for turfgrass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where ryegrass originated |
|
Definition
-Ryegrass originated in eastern Turkey, Middle East, Persia
-Migrated with human settlement throughout Europe |
|
|
Term
| the climates perennial ryegrass is adapted to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the soils perennial ryegrass is adapted to |
|
Definition
| fertile well-drained soils |
|
|
Term
| pH range for perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soil pH range at which perennial ryegrass growth best occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Minimum annual rainfall for perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
| 18-25 inches (450-630 mm) |
|
|
Term
| Drought tolerant varieties of perennial ryegrass exist and are used in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the tolerance that's a bigger concern than drought tolerance for perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tolerance of perennial ryegrass to flooding |
|
Definition
| Tolerant of long periods of flooding (15 to 25 days) if <80°F (27°C) |
|
|
Term
| some diseases that perennial ryegrass can contract |
|
Definition
| numerous fungal diseases (leaf spots, fusarium, brown patch, rust) in hot, humid climates |
|
|
Term
| this limits use of perennial ryegrass in Georgia |
|
Definition
| Georgia's hot, humid climate |
|
|
Term
| how to use perennial ryegrass in Georgia |
|
Definition
| Use as an annual, or short-lived perennial |
|
|
Term
| perennial ryegrass rewuires this for survival in Georgia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does perennial ryegrass have the same resistance as tall fescue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the Growth Habit of Perennial Ryegrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some details about the Bunchgrass growing habit of perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
-Dense tiller production
-Adventitious roots at stem bases (nodes) – leaf only from new tillers
-A lot of leaf area close to soil surface (implications for grazing) |
|
|
Term
| perennial ryegrass is excellent for growing... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| companion species that are grown with perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
| Prostrate legumes (white clover in most of the world) |
|
|
Term
| when to establish perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
| Establish in fall (mid-September to mid-October) |
|
|
Term
| amount of perennial ryegrass to plant per acre |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depth at which to plant perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
| Plant 0.25-0.5 inches deep |
|
|
Term
| what to do if using no till to plant perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
| spray with herbicide prior to planting |
|
|
Term
| what to do if using conventional till to plant perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
| till soil, use cultipacker prior to seeding |
|
|
Term
| rate at which to fertilize perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when to fertilize perennial fescue in spring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rate at which to fertilize perennial ryegrass during spring |
|
Definition
| fertilize with 60-80 lbs N (P,K if needed) |
|
|
Term
| how to graze perennial ryegrass during the first year when trying to perenniate |
|
Definition
| When trying to perenniate - graze lightly first year (start when 10” tall, don’t defoliate below 1.5”) |
|
|
Term
| how to graze perennial ryegrass if using it as an annual |
|
Definition
| If using as an annual – graze lightly in early spring, more intensively as spring progresses (prevent seed head production) |
|
|
Term
| Perenial ryegrass can stay there ______ years |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some genetic forms of perennial ryegrass that exist |
|
Definition
| Both diploid and tetraploid forms exist |
|
|
Term
| some details about tetraploid perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
-fewer tillers, longer and broader leaves
-Better suited for companion species than diploids in temperate regions
-Shorter lived, but higher quality (soluble sugars) and more vigorous |
|
|
Term
| benefits of perennial ryegrass being an obligate cross pollinator |
|
Definition
| A lot of genetic variability (plastic population) |
|
|
Term
| detriment of perennial ryegrass being an obligate cross pollinator |
|
Definition
-Difficult to breed
-Difficult to fix a genetic form for future generations
-Seed production issues |
|
|
Term
| which type of perennial ryegrass tends to have better grazing tolerance? diploid or tetraploid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of perennial ryegrass tends to have better yield? diploid or tetraploid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of perennial ryegrass tends to have better palatability? diploid or tetraploid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of perennial ryegrass tends to have greater dry matter intake? diploid or tetraploid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a diseases that can be caused by Lolitrem alkaloids produced by endophyte in perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some pest problems with perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
-crown rust; stem rust—decreased palatability and nutritive value
-Argentine stem weevil |
|
|
Term
| some details about endophyte infection in perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
| -Neotyphodium lolii
-“Ryegrass staggers” in sheep due to toxin lolitrem B
-Similar situation as tall fescue |
|
|
Term
| some summary details of perennial ryegrass |
|
Definition
-Very high quality
-Regrowth needs N and water (cool helps)
-Poor drought and cold tolerance
-Grazing tolerant |
|
|
Term
| growth habit of Italian ryegrass |
|
Definition
-Requires no cold treatment to flower
-More winter active than Perennial ryegrass
+Less tolerant of winters
-Flowers if day length exceeds 11 hours.
-Short lived |
|
|
Term
| when Italian ryegrass tends to flower |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| better use of Italian ryegrass |
|
Definition
| Better as a hay/haylage crop than as a grazing crop |
|
|
Term
| what winter growth may mean for Italian ryegrass |
|
Definition
| winter growth may mean better suited for late fall and winter use |
|
|
Term
| adaptation of Italian ryegrass |
|
Definition
| More southern than Perennial ryegrass (less winter hardy) |
|
|
Term
| Establishment and Fertility of Italian ryegrass |
|
Definition
| Same as Perennial ryegrass |
|
|
Term
| genetics of Italian ryegrass |
|
Definition
-Same as Perennial ryegrass
-Tetraploids have same characteristics as those in perennial ryegrass |
|
|
Term
| some details about Festulolium |
|
Definition
-Ryegrass/fescue hybrids
-hybrids between ryegrass and fescue
-typically meadow fescue x Italian ryegrass
-goal = quality of ryegrass with persistence and disease tolerance of fescue….doesn’t always work
-may be more persistent than perennial ryegrass in GA but limited evaluation
-Not very common in SE because there hasn’t been much work on it |
|
|
Term
| Festulolium is a hybrid of... |
|
Definition
| meadow fescue x Italian ryegrass |
|
|
Term
| the goal of producing Festulolium |
|
Definition
| quality of ryegrass with persistence and disease tolerance of fescue….doesn’t always work |
|
|
Term
| center of origin for orchardgrass |
|
Definition
| eastern Europe/temperate Asia (Persia) |
|
|
Term
| the climates orchardgrass is best adapted to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the soils orchardgrass prefers |
|
Definition
| Fertile well-drained soils |
|
|
Term
| the soils orchardgrass is intolerant of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tolerance of orchardgrass to shading |
|
Definition
| Tolerates shading better than other cool season perennial grasses |
|
|
Term
| pH at which growth of orchardgrass occurs best |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drought tolerance of orchardgrass |
|
Definition
| More drought tolerant than perennial ryegrass, less than tall fescue |
|
|
Term
| where in the state of Georgia orchardgrass grows best |
|
Definition
| Grows better in Mountains of N. Georgia than elsewhere |
|
|
Term
| some fungal diseases orchardgrass is susceptible to |
|
Definition
| Susceptible to various fungal diseases (rust)– reduces quality |
|
|
Term
| Growth Habit of Orchardgrass |
|
Definition
-Dense tiller production, folded leaves
-Matures 10-14 days earlier than tall fescue
-Leaf area higher in canopy than other cool season grasses (implications for grazing)
-Requires vernalization (cold, light requirements)
+Matures early – (spring implications)
-Better adapted as hay crop |
|
|
Term
| when orchardgrass matures |
|
Definition
| 10-14 days earlier than tall fescue |
|
|
Term
| orchardgrass is better adapted as this type of crop |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| orchardgrass excellent for growing... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| companion species that can be grown with orchardgrass |
|
Definition
| Upright legumes (red clover and alfalfa) |
|
|
Term
| why is orchardgrass a good companion with aggressive legumes? |
|
Definition
| Rapid re-growth makes it good companion with aggressive legumes |
|
|
Term
| genetic forms of orchardgrass that exist |
|
Definition
-diploid
-tetraploid
-hexaploid |
|
|
Term
| All improved cultivars of orchardgrass are this genetic type (like alfalfa) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| benefits of orchardgrass being an obligate cross pollinator |
|
Definition
| A lot of genetic variability (plastic population) |
|
|
Term
| detriment of orchardgrass being an obligate cross pollinator |
|
Definition
-Difficult to breed
-Difficult to fix a genetic form for future generations
-Seed production issues |
|
|
Term
| whatb ADF means for digestibility |
|
Definition
| The lower the ADF, the more digestible |
|
|
Term
| Corn is ensiled because... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what tends to be better for ensilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The problem with orchard grass |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some summary details about orchardgrass |
|
Definition
-very desirable, but lacks heat tolerance
-more persistent in GA than ryegrass
-high quality
-leaf diseases—esp. rust—can affect quality |
|
|
Term
| some details about Reed Canarygrass |
|
Definition
-very hardy—can be invasive
-flooding and drought tolerant
-use low alkaloid cultivars; the alkaloids come from the plant itself
-manage to avoid low quality forage in spring
-may be useful in N. Georgia mountains |
|
|
Term
| the cultivars of Reed Canarygrass to use |
|
Definition
| use low alkaloid cultivars |
|
|
Term
| where the alkaloids in reed canarygrass come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how reed canarygrass should be measured |
|
Definition
| manage to avoid low quality forage in spring |
|
|
Term
| part of Georgia where reed canarygrass may be useful |
|
Definition
| may be useful in N. Georgia mountains |
|
|
