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-camera
-compound: a bunch of visual receptors crammed together |
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| biological chemical that triggers chemical reactions |
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| only has cones, point of focus |
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| Most of our receptors are in... |
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| During dark adaptation... |
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| we switch from cones to rods |
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| to reuptake, then bipolar cells, then ganglion cells |
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| When neurons receive signals from other neurons |
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| better sensitivity than cones (takes less light to generate a response) |
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| better detail vision than rods, visual acuity |
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| Each cell receives inhibition from.... |
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| Signals from the retina travel... |
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| out of the optic nerve to lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in the thalamus to the striate cortex (aka primary visual cortex V1) in the occipital lobe |
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| Neural information as it flows from the retina to the visual cortex |
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| Each point on the LGN corresponds to a point on the retina |
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| As we travel further from the retina... |
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Definition
| neurons fire to more complex stimuli |
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1. Neurons firing decreases
2. Neurons fire less when the stimuli is immediately presented again |
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| Removal of tissue in the nervous system |
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Definition
FFA: faces
PPA: pictures of indoor and outdoor areas
EBA: bodies and parts of bodies |
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| Visual acuity increases... |
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Definition
| with increased retinal luminence |
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| larger, many, rod shaped, high convergence, large receptive fields, periphery, lower density |
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| smaller, cone shaped, few, low convergence, small receptive fields, in fovea, higher density |
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| vertical separation on graph of rods vs. cones. point at which you can detect light |
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| Rods function better, scoptopic vision (darkness), absolute sensitivity/detecting dim stimuli |
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Definition
| Cones function better, spatial acuity/resolving detail, photopic vision (light) |
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Definition
| Both rods and cones function and contribute, neither optimally, mesopic vision (middle) |
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Definition
wavelength variation, cones have lower spectral sensitivity
-Scotpoic vision has higher absolute threshold than photopic |
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| Rods and cones, differences between them |
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| can sense more light, but cannot pinpoint as well |
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| receptors converging onto one bipolar cell |
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Critical fusion frequency-rate at which a flash looks like a steady light.
-high CFF=good temporal acuity (cones)
Mechanisms:spectral sensitivity (rods only), pooling and response curve (cones-quick response, rods-sluggish response) |
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| Rod-cone break is greatest... |
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Definition
| at shorter wavelengths of light |
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Definition
Brightness: Subjective intensity of the light
lightness: experience of the magnitude of white, black and gray |
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| Tells us when we judge luminence based on surroundings |
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contrast: light things are darker in dark background, and vice versa
bleeding: light bleeds into an object to make it seem like the color of light bleeding in |
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| Equal lighting given off of objects |
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| Ganglion cells axons are heterogeneous.. |
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| doing different things, form and function |
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| regular neurons, only have inner and outer segments, no axon or dendrites |
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| Functional concept of an area of a photoreceptor |
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| If center and surround are simultaneously lit up... |
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Definition
| the ganglion cells will not respond |
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| Best stimlulus for ganglion cells would be... |
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| pinpoint/spot in the center with darkness surrounding |
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Definition
-Off center surround
-On center surround
-Non oppositional |
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| More Types of Ganglion cells |
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Definition
Parvocellular (P: sustained response, small axons
magnocellular (M: transient response, large axons
Small bistratified (B/Y): moderately sustained response.
-on center (s cones) and off center (L and M cones) |
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is faster in larger diameters of axons
-more action potentials |
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Main target of optical nerves
-part of thalamus |
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| Partially decussated pathway |
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| visual pathways from eyes to brain cross into the opposite side of the brain |
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| Nasal projections crossing over into the brain |
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| Certain signals from the left eye go to the layers of the LGN on the left side of the brain (layers 2,4,6) |
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| opposite side of brain (1,3, 5) |
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| Magnocellular confuses... |
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Definition
| amount of light with particular wavelength, no color selectivity |
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| small physical difference in luminence to be detected |
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| Change from nerve to tract happen in the... |
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| similar to rods, no color detection, but lots of visual acuity |
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| inferotemporal, underneath |
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| Simultaneous contrast in magno pathway.. |
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Definition
| low spatial (detail), high scale |
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| Bleeding in Parvo pathway... |
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| high spatial (detail) , low scale |
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| Spatial layout of visual field is maintained in visual cortex |
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Definition
| most of the cortex devoted to fovea, little to periphery |
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| V1 (primary visual cortex) |
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Definition
| provides input into other visual areas |
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| Stimulus selectivity (V1) |
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Definition
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| Orientation selectivity (V1) |
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Definition
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| conceptual, functional unit, contains full complement of cells related to orientation and ocular dominance |
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| Have an inhibitory spatial amount, too big and it will not fire |
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Definition
| at a slower reaction rate than other visual functions |
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| Magno and Parvo pathways... |
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Definition
| fire very quickly, are the 2 lower layers of the LGN |
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Definition
Frontal eye fields: in the premotor cortex in the frontal cortex
-involved with eye movement, what you are attending to
-V2 and V4 get going once FEF is finished |
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| Dorsal stream VS. Ventral stream |
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Definition
Dorsal : (top or back) motion processing stream, important to sensorimotor integration
Ventral: (lower or front) object recognition processing |
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