Term
|
Definition
| "How much of some experience is there?" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| based on sensing the position of the eye muscle and tension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inward movemet of the eyes when we focus on nearby objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change in the shape of the lends when we focus on objects at different distances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| comes from one eye[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two normal functioning eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When on object partially covers another object. (If object A blocks objects B, then object A will appear closer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-often ambiguous
-depression and elevation with both be shaded on one side
-knowing direction of where light comes from helps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides depth cues from within the object itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides depth cuew from the shadows that fall on surrounding surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if two objects are similar in size (physical reality) then the one that casts the larger image on the retina will be perceived as closer |
|
|
Term
| Perspective convergence (linear perspective) |
|
Definition
parallel lines appear to converge as they get farther from you
-often combined with relative size (Ponzo Illusion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cue provided by a surface with repeating elements or patterns
equally spaced elements are more closely packed as they get further form you; detail is also lost as elements get further away. |
|
|
Term
| Aerial Perspective (Atmospheric Perspective) |
|
Definition
variations in color and clarity
- as objects get further, they appear fuzzier
- as objects get further they appear bluish |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
relationship to the horizon line
- the closer the object to the horizon, the farter away we perceive it
- the farther objects form horizon, the closer it appears to be |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cues provided from changes in images as you move
- objects further from you appear to move in the same direction as you, and appear to move slower
- objects closer appear to move in the opposite direction, and move faster |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covering of the rear object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uncovering of the rear object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the two eyes see the world from different angles.
the closer one of the objects is compared to another, the greater the retinal disparity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| situations where different cues indicate different relationships |
|
|
Term
| Rules to predict outcomes for cue conflicts |
|
Definition
1. adjacency Principle - effectiveness of cues is a direct funtion of closeness of objects
a. cues between adjacent objects are stronger
b. adjacency principle is a weighing factor
2. Equidistance Tendency - whe depth cues are reduces, tend to perceive objects as if they were equidistant
|
|
|
Term
| 3 Primary Percepts of Phenomenal Geometry |
|
Definition
1. Perceived Distance - based on factors already discussed
2. Perceived Direction - based on retinal, eye, head position
3. Perceived Self-Motion - kinesthesis and vestibular system |
|
|
Term
| Phenomental Geometry General |
|
Definition
primary principles may be combined by laws of geometry
allows for predictions for perceived siez, motion, oreintations, etc.
|
|
|
Term
| Size-Distance Invariance Relationship |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
S' = perceived size
K = constant
O= retinal image size
D' = perceived distance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-retinal size of afterimage remains constant
- perceived size will change depending on distance of projection
- follows size-distance invarience equasion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two people of equal size appear different
room specially constructed
- left corner twice as far as right corner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Perception of an objects size remains relatively constant
effect remains even if the size of the object on the retina changes
changes in distance and retinal size balance each other |
|
|
Term
| Four Ways to Perceive Movement |
|
Definition
real movement - an objects is not physically moving
apparent movement - stationary stimuli
- basis of movement in movies
induces movement - movement of one object results in the perception of movement in another object
movement aftereffect - movement appears to occur in the opposite direction from the original movement
|
|
|
Term
Functions of Movement Perception
"survival in the environment" |
|
Definition
- predators use movement of prey as a primary means to location in hunting
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| damage to the cortex resulting in inability to perceive movement |
|
|
Term
Functions of Movement Perception
"perceiving objects" |
|
Definition
movements of objects or the observers movement through objects assits in organization of stimuli
give info about figure ground |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "movement creates structure" |
|
|
Term
| Illusion of Movement (Motion Aftereffects) |
|
Definition
waterfall illusion
spiral illusion
apparent (stroboscopic motion) Phi Phenomenon
Induced Motion- moon in clouds, cars) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structure created by surfaces, textures, and contours, which change as the observer moves through the environment. |
|
|
Term
| Local Disturbance in the optic Array |
|
Definition
| We arent moving, objects relative to background such that it is covered and uncovered |
|
|
Term
| Overall Movement of optic array |
|
Definition
Everything is moving
indicates observer is moving, and not environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
movement of person of other living organism
- point=light walker stimulus
- structure-form-motion takes place with point-light walkers
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| difference in flow as a function of distance from the observer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point in distance where there is no flow |
|
|
Term
| Relationship between movement and flow |
|
Definition
| Reciprocal, movements cuases movement flow, and flow guiding movement. |
|
|
Term
| Sound (physical and perceptual definition) |
|
Definition
physical definition: sound is pressure changes in the air or other medium
perceptual definition: sound is the experience we have when we hear. |
|
|
Term
| compression & rarefaction |
|
Definition
compression: pushing air molecules together
rarefaction: pulling air molecules apart |
|
|
Term
| Three Characteristics of a Pure Tone |
|
Definition
frequency
amplitude
phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
how many cycles per second
- most important determinant of pitch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extent of variation from average pressure
- most important determinant of loudness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
particular part of the cycle a wave has reaches at a particular instant of time
reinforcement - two waves are exactly the same place in the respective cycles, "in phase"
cancelation- two waves are at different places in their respective cycles, "out of phase" |
|
|
Term
Parts of the Each
(look at chart!!!!) |
|
Definition
pinna
auditory canal
eardrum
malleus
incus
stapes
eustachian tube
muscles
tympanic membrane |
|
|
Term
Pathway of Sound
(look at chart/talk/draw!) |
|
Definition
|
|
