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| All 3 articles by Mishkin, Ungerleider, and Macko (1983), Livingstone and Hubel (1988) and Goodale and Milner (1992) focus on the idea that there are two major streams of processing in human vision. In terms of the neuroanatomy of these two visual streams, what is an important contribution of Livingstone and Hubel (1988) to our understanding? (1-2 sentences) |
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Definition
| An important contribution of Livingstone and Hubel was the proposal of their what and where pathways of vision. ventral being the what and dorsal being the where. they propose that these two separate pathways carry different information along them. . |
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Term
| Mishkin, Ungerleider, and Macko (1983) argue that the large receptive fields of inferior temporal neurons provide a neural basis for a particular visual ability. What is that ability? (1 sentence) |
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Definition
| Stimulus equivalence across retinal translation. |
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Term
| Mishkin, Ungerleider, and Macko (1983) also argue that the large receptive fields of inferior temporal neurons results in the loss of a different visual ability. What is that lost ability? (1 sentence) |
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Definition
| Loss of information about the visual location of the objects in the field. |
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Term
| What are at least 3 different perceptual abilities that Livingstone and Hubel (1988) argue are lost or degraded when stimuli are presented in isoluminant color? (1 phrase or sentence each) |
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Definition
| illusion of size, depth, figure/ground, object recognition. |
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Term
| Briefly, what is the relevance to Livingstone and Hubel’s (1988) theory that such perceptual abilities are lost or degraded when stimuli are presented in isoluminant color? (1-2 sentences) |
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Definition
| luminiance is important of perceiving details of an object because you are loosing visual cues of that object. |
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Term
| What is a general critique that Goodale and Milner (1992) make regarding the claims of Livingstone and Hubel (1988)? (1-2 sentences) |
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Definition
| the authors claim that the pathways both get information from the two kinds of cells. |
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Term
| What is a general critique that Goodale and Milner (1992) make about the theory put forward by Mishkin, Ungerleider, and Macko (1983)? (1-2 sentences) |
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Definition
| that the two streams are not separate, but they share information. |
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Term
| What is a speculative hypothesis that Goodale and Milner (1992) put forward regarding consciousness? |
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Definition
| they maintain the hypothesis that necessary condition ofr conscious visual exeriences is that the ventral system is activated. This is the what pathway. Though you can still adapt and pinch an object at the right size. |
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Term
| Livingstone and Hubel (1988) argue that the 2 visual pathways evolved at different points in evolutionary history. Briefly summarize their argument. (1-2 sentences) |
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Definition
| The authors propose that the parvo pathway evolved from the magno by duplicating previously existing structures resulting in redundancy of shape recognition in the two patheways. |
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Term
| Goodale and Milner (1992) also argue that the 2 pathways may have evolved at different points in time. Summarize their argument. (1-2 sentences) |
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Definition
| what vs how is a better distinction between the two pathways because the how is a more primitive perception that the what. to categorize you need language, less primitive what. |
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Term
| Mishkin, Ungerleider, and Macko (1983) argue that a key unresolved issue is how information from the dorsal and ventral streams is reintegrated by the brain. They offer a hypothesis about this. What is it? (2-3 sentences) |
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Definition
| limbic system and frontal lobe and hippocampus could be possible reintegrations sites of information from both the dorsal and ventral pathways. frontal lobe is related to decision making, therefore to be able to make a decision you have to be aware of information from both pathways. |
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Term
| Goodale and Milner (1992) discuss the issue of integration of information between the dorsal and ventral streams and offer suggestions as to how this occurs. What are they? (1-2 sentences) |
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Definition
| The authors offer a rather vague hypothesis that the two systems engeage in crossalk because they are activated simultaneously in adjacent regions of the brain. |
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Term
| According to Graham (1992), what were two crucial events in initiating the discovery of visual patterns’ elementary parts? Describe each of the two events (lettered a & b)(1-2 sentences each). For each event, cite the pair of authors who published the critically important article (cited by Robson) that initiated that line of research. |
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Definition
a. hubel and wisel the discovery of receptive fields and organization of the biological structure, and they have inhibitory and excitatory parts.
b. Campbell and robinson application of fourier analysis to gratings. |
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Term
| a) Briefly describe the selective adaptation method, and typical results, giving a concrete example (2-4 sentences). Then, b) explain how such results provide evidence in support of the existence of multiple channels or analyzers in the human visual system (1-3 sentences). |
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Definition
| the tilting of horizontal lines. |
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Term
| Explain what different kinds of information different spatial frequency channels can provide (2-3 sentences). |
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Definition
high spatial frequency – fine detail and local information
low spatial frequency – shadows and global information
images can be recognized comprise of a small range of spatial frequencies, either high or low sf |
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Term
| Explain how different spatial frequency channels are used at different points in time to perceive the gist of real world scenes (using specific example scene categories)(3-4 sentences). In your answer, cite the relevant article we read and discussed in class. |
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Definition
| Schyns and Oliva presented participants with natural images, and hybrid images. Hybrid images were composed of the hsf of one image (e.g. highway) and lsf of another image (e.g. city scene). A sister hybrid was created for each pair (e.g. lsf of highway and hsf of city). These two hybrids were presented in rapid sucession. Participants were only aware of one image at a time. whichever image was presented in lsf first, was the image that was recognized suggesting that we process lsf before hsf. |
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Term
| Consider the results of Bugelski and Alampay (1961), which we demonstrated in class using the seal/donkey ambiguous figure. Describe the main result of the study, giving examples. (2-3 sentences) |
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Definition
| depending on priming you are more likely to categorize an image according to that priming when presented with an ambiguous figure. |
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Term
| Why would Biederman’s (1987) RBC theory of object recognition have trouble accounting for the results of Bugelski and Alampay (1961)? (2-3 sentences) |
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Definition
| there could be the same arrangement of geons for two different objects therefore only geons are not sufficient for object recognition finer details are need for distinction. |
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Term
| How would Gregory’s Constructivist approach to perception account for the results of Bugelski and Alampay’s study? (2-3 sentences) |
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Definition
| we actively construct our perception by using the cues around us to formulate an opinion about our perception |
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Term
| How would Gibson’s theory of Information Pick-up account for the results of Bugelski and Alampay’s study? (2-3 sentences) |
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Definition
| we are constantly actively exploring our environment therefore we would more likely see a donkey with farm animals and seals with water creatres. |
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Term
| Consider Biederman’s (1987) RBC theory of object recognition and Gibson’s theory of Information Pick-up. What is a central idea in both of their theories that Biederman and Gibson would agree on? (1-2 sentences) |
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Definition
| we use information from the geons to learn about it. |
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Term
| What sort of research, for example by Tarr, Bulthoff, and colleagues, has been used to critique Biederman’s Recognition by Components theory? (2-3 sentences) |
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Definition
| viewpoint dependence slower reaction from different viewpoints. |
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Term
| What has been Biederman’s primary defense against the above critique? (2-3 sentences) |
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Definition
| if you can’t see the verticies it is hard to recognize the geons, that is why accidential viewpoints are harder to recognize. |
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Term
| Explain why hypersensitivity is a problem for View-based theories of object recognition. (2-3 sentences) |
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Definition
| hypersensitiveiy – too sensitve so that the template is inflexible and requires many examples. if you had to have a template for every view you would have a million and one templates. |
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Term
| Explain how interpolation across viewpoints has been argued by Tarr and Bulthoff to solve the hypersensitivity problem for View-based theories of object recognition. (2-3 sentences) |
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Definition
| interpolate from current view match against single template or few. store those templates together. |
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Term
| What is the fundamental problem, or mystery, of depth perception in vision? (1 sentence) |
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Definition
| you have a 2D image on the retina but we perceive a 3D world. |
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Term
| As a general statement, how would Constructivists, such as Gregory, explain our ability to overcome the fundamental problem of depth perception? (1-2 sentences) |
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Definition
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Term
| Using the Constructivist approach, explain how one could perceive depth from a 3D movie. In your answer, give an example of how one could use each of the following 3 cues: a) linear perspective (1-2 sentences), b) motion parallax (1-2 sentences), and c) binocular disparity (2-3 sentences), in the context of a 3D movie. |
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Definition
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Term
| A sinusoidal grating’s Fourier representation can be described in terms of 4 dimensions.For each of the four dimensions (a-d), describe whether grating A is the same as grating B or different. If the two gratings are different on that dimension, describe the difference in relative terms using the correct terminology. |
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Definition
a. spatial frequency – b has a slightly higher spatial frequency than a. this is represented by the cycles in 1 degree of visual angle
b. contrast – b has a higher contrast than a because there is a stronger intensity between the light and dark bars of the grating, therefore the amplitude of the sine wave is higher for b.
c orientation – the orientations are different. a has a vertical orientation whereas b’s orientation is tilted slightly left of vertical.
d. phase – since the spatial frequency and orientation of a & b is different, phase is necessarily different. |
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