Term
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Definition
| the process through which sensations are interpreted, using knowledge and understanding of the world. |
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Term
| What is the perception paradox |
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Definition
| Although perceptual processing often appears to be rapid and effortless, perception is very complex |
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Term
| Clues to the problems that perception must solve and the solutions it acheives are called what? |
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Definition
| perceptual failures/errors |
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Term
| what are the 3 approaches to perception? |
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Definition
| computational, constructivist, and ecological |
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Term
| Which approach focus's on the nervous system's manipulation of incoming signals and tries to solve problems by determining what a machine would do |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the constructivist approach emphasize? What do they argue? |
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Definition
| the inferences people make about their environment, and the knowledge based inferential aspects of perception. They argue that reality is constructed from fragments of sensory information |
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Term
Which approach says that the environment contains most of the information
needed to form perceptions. It emphasizes the information provide by the environment. |
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Definition
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Term
| definition of psychophysics |
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Definition
| the relationship between the physical energy in the environment and the psychological experience of that energy |
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Term
| the minimum amount of energy that can be detected 50% of the time is defined by psychophysics as ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| a person’s ability to pick out a particular stimulus or signal is ______. What are 4 things that influence it |
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Definition
| SENSITIVITY- influenced by...intensity of the signal, the capacity of sensory systems, and the amount of background stimulation, or noise, arriving at the same time. |
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Term
| random spontaneous firing of neurons that is constantly fluctuating and present is... (ex. ringing in ears) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a person's reluctance or bias to say that a stimulus is present? It is the amount of energy that is needed for the person to say it is present. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Just Noticeable Differece? |
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Definition
| The smallest difference between stimuli that we can detect |
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Term
| optical illusions are illusions of the _______ system. They are incorrect perceptions regarding _______, resulting from a misapplication of linear perspective depth cues |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| incorrect perception of a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a perception in the absence of a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
| when faced with a complex visual or auditory stimulus the perceptual apparatus picks put some objects or sounds to be emphasized (figure) and others are the less relevant background (ground) |
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Term
| Certain inherent properties of the stimulus environment lead people to group them together, more or less automatically. Gestalt psychologists argue that people perceive sights and sounds as organized wholes- what is this called |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 4 principles/properties tat lead the perceptual system to organize stimuli? |
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Definition
| proximity, similarity, continuity, and closure |
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Term
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Definition
| , closer objects or events are more likely to be perceived as belonging together |
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Term
| similar elements are perceived to be a part of a group |
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Definition
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Term
| , sensations that appear to create a continuous form are perceived as organization |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| people tend to fill in missing contours to form a complete object. |
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Term
| the principle that says says that we organize stimulus elements in a way that gives us the simplest possible perception |
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Definition
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Term
| the principle that says says that we organize stimulus elements in a way that gives us the simplest possible perception |
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Definition
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Term
| principle that says we tend to perceive objects in the way that experience tells us is the most likely physical arrangement, which is consistent with the constructivist view of perception |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the perceptual process of mentally representing and interpreting sounds? what are grouped in to auditory streams (sounds perceived as coming from the same place. |
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Definition
| auditory scene analysis; with the similar characteristics |
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Term
| what is 2 dimensional location? |
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Definition
a computational approach suggests that your
brain estimates the objects true location relative to your body, using an equation that takes information about where an image strikes the retina and adjusts it based
on information about movement of your eyes and head. The brain uses the
slight differences in the timing and intensity of a sound (btw. The 2 ears) as
cues to locate its source. |
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Term
| what is visual dominance? |
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Definition
the bias toward using visual information when it
conflicts with the information from the other senses |
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Term
| depth perception is the ability is to perceive _______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| closer objects block view of farther things |
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Term
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Definition
| closer objects block view of farther things |
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Term
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Definition
| if 2 objects are perceived to be same size, the one that produces the larger image on the retina is the closer one |
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Term
| height in the visual field |
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Definition
| more distant objects appear higher in the visual field than those nearby |
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Term
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Definition
a graduated change in the texture, or grain, of
the visual field. Texture appears less detailed as distance
increases |
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Term
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Definition
the closer together two converging lines are, the
greater the perceived distance |
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Term
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Definition
. Distant objects often appear hazier and
tend to take on a bluish tone. Objects are seen as 3 dimensional
because of shadows. |
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Term
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Definition
| muscles surrounding lens either (tighten to make the lens more curved for focusing on close objects) or relax (to flatten for focusing on more distant objects. Information from the muscles is relayed to the brain and helps create distance perception |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the eye rotating inward to project the image of an object on each retina |
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Term
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Definition
| the difference between the two retinal images if an object (one from each eye) provides a distance cue |
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Term
| : a rapid expansion in the size of an image so that it fills the retina, is automatically perceived as an approaching stimulus and not an expanding object is called _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| the perception of objects in a size, shape, color, and other properties despite changes in their retinal image is called ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| occurs as objects move closer or further away, the brain perceives the changes in distance |
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Term
| size of retinal images multiplied by perceived distance = |
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Definition
| perceived size of an object |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs as an object appears the same, even though the shape of its retinal image changes |
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Term
| how long is it after the image is registered on the retina to when the message enters the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| motion sickness may occur when vision supplies movement info but ... |
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Definition
| other senses do not (vestibular) |
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Term
| why does stroboscopic motion occur? |
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Definition
| because of our tendency to interpret continuous motion a series of still images flashed in rapid succession |
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Term
| the brain analyzes incoming patterns of stimuli and compares it to stored information. if there is a match what occurs? |
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Definition
| recognition (top down or bottoms up) |
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Term
| the brain analyzes incoming patterns of stimuli and compares it to stored information. if there is a match what occurs? |
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Definition
| recognition (top down or bottoms up) |
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Term
| top down processing is guided by ...(3) |
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Definition
| knowledge, expectations, and other psychological factors. |
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Term
| topdown processing leads us to make _____ _______ and sometimes ________ _______ |
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Definition
| educated guesses; erraneous conclusions |
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Term
| in top down processing which occurs first - identification or processing of features |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mental representations of what we know and have come to expect about the world |
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Term
| what relies on specific, detailed information elements from the sensory receptors that are integrated and assembled into a whole. |
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Definition
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Term
| bottom up and top down processing occurr...what is example |
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Definition
| simultaneously- reading of words requires visual shape of letters to be sensed (b) and knowledge to reconize different letters in different handwriting (t) |
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Term
| what is process of directing and focusing certain psychological resources to enhance perception, performance, and mental experience |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 characteristics of attention |
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Definition
| improves mental processing, requires effort, and resources are limited |
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Term
| what is difference between covert and overt orientation |
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Definition
| overt orienting involves purposely redirecting attention. covert doesnt involve moving (daydreaming, looking inward) |
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