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Perception
Prelim II
132
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
11/08/2011

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Cards

Term
Evolution of the eye: spots
Definition
detect presence of light, circadium rhythms
Term
eye evolution: chambers
Definition
+ directionality
Term
eye evolution: pinhole
Definition
+ acuity, localization
Term
Eye evolution: compound eye (fly)
Definition
+wide feild of view. Uses omatidia. Doesnt acheive max resolution
Term
eye evolution: dioptic
Definition
+low level vision in dim light (octopus)
Term
eye evolution: dioptric, mobile, foveated
Definition
increased acuity, feild of view (humans)
Term
Nocturnal eye
Definition
larger lens, round
Term
Arhythmic
Definition
works in night + day. smaller lenses, some cornela bulge. dog
Term
Diurnal
Definition
day only. small lens. man
Term
Cornea: function, anomoly
Definition
Refracts light, astigmatism
Term
Humors, fx, anom
Definition

Keep eye inflated, minor cleanup. 

Floaters

Term
Ciliary bodies: fx, anom
Definition

Drain humors, 

glaucoma

Term
retina: fx, anom
Definition

receptor network

retinal fold, detachment

Term
blind spot: fx, anom
Definition

exit of optic nerve

hole in visual feild

Term
lens: fx, anom
Definition

refract light

cataracts

Term
ciliary muscles: fx
Definition
accomodation
Term
iris: fx, anom
Definition
control pupil size, aniridia
Term
pupil: fx
Definition
modulates light, modulates depth of feild, affect
Term
Fundus
Definition
purkinje's tree. blood vessels emerge from ocular disk
Term
retinitis pigmenta
Definition
cell death, reduced vasculature, loss of all periphery vision
Term
macular degeneration
Definition
loss of fovia, retinal tear or detachment leads to hole in center of vision
Term
zonular fibers
Definition

at edges of lense. When stretch lens is thin, ciliary muscles relaxed.

When loose lens is thick, cilare muscles tense

Term
cataracts
Definition
loss of blue lights, loss of acuity. treated by replacing lens
Term
aniridia
Definition
no iris
Term
focus of large pupil
Definition
narrow range of distances
Term
small pupil
Definition
larger ranges of distance
Term
emmetropia
Definition
normal vision
Term
hyperopia
Definition
far sightedness
Term
myopia
Definition
near sightedness
Term
presbyopia
Definition
cannot accomodate. 
Term
Mach bands
Definition
grey scale in which accentuation of edges occurs due to lateral inhibition.  Neural output/percept peaks at the edges of the bands, creating the appearacne of darker areas. 
Term
mach bands: mechanism
Definition
Excitatory center with inhibitory surround generates mexican hat function. with regioon of excitation and inhibition. as bar of light passed over exciatatory center, follows graph.
Term
localization of primary sensation
Definition

when two parts of body are rubbed, which will feel the primary stimulation.

finger-lip= lip

finger-leg=finger

Term
tectithalamic (tectopulvinar) pathway
Definition

retina-superior colliculus-pulvinar-cortex

pulvinar is part of thalamus

Term
geniculostriate pathway
Definition

retina-LGN-cortex

LGN is part of thalamus

Term
contralateral: LGN
Definition
right eye
Term
Ipsilateral: LGN
Definition
left eye
Term
magno layers of LGN
Definition

10% of cortex

relatively fast conducting

detect luminance

low spatial freq. high temporal resolution

rapidly adapting

Term
Parvo cells of LGN
Definition

80% of cortex

slow conducting

color

high spatial freq. low temporal resolution

slow adapting

 

Term
Konio cells of LGN
Definition

10% of cortex

variable velocity

med spatial freq, high temporal resolution

Term
image as seen in geniculate
Definition
representation is inverted but not flipped
Term
6 dimensions coded in 3D cortex
Definition

orientation- coded in gradations in columns

space- coded in gradations orthog to columns

spatial frequency- coded in gradations at increasing depth

motion/rest-coded in different layers

eyes-coded in adjacent slabs

color- coded in "blobs" that erupt in the middle of orientation columns

Term
tectothalamic system
Definition

a navigational system for moving through the world

retina-magno cells-superior colliculus-pulvinat-cortec, V2

Term
Patient DF
Definition

severe inability to recognize shapes by vision

can recognize by touch

can report color, surfaces but not orientation, size, or shape

 

V1, tectothalamic pathway intact

magno parvo interblob channels not intact

Term
Ventral system
Definition

perception for "what"... categorizatio

geniculostriate controibutes to this

words- matching hill angle with language

Term
dorsal system
Definition

perception for "where" "how"... action

contributed to by the tectothalamic and geniculostriate

haptics-matching hill angle with palm board

Term
Characterisitcs of Left Handers
Definition

10x more likely to be dyslexic

2x more likely to have immune disorders

decrease in numbers with age

males make more money

have greater range of intelligence

Term
Handedness + language
Definition

Most right handers have language in left hemispher

left handers depend on family: if familial left hander-language in left 

if nonfamilial language in right or bilaterially

Term
Glia
Definition

85% of cells in brain

microglia

astrocyctes

oligodendrites

Term
microglia
Definition
brains immune system: free travelers in the brain
Term
astrocytes
Definition
guard blood-brain barrier, can move
Term
oligodendrites
Definition
myelinate acons. white color
Term
ischemic stroke
Definition
blood ciculation blocked. thrombotic stroke
Term
Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA)
Definition

Sudden but passing, 

Numbness in face, confusion, headache, dizziness

common in people who have never had a stroke

Term
Phineas Gage 
Definition

Destruction of brain--- loss of control of impulses

shows that cogntion, emotion are intertwined

Term
Apashia
Definition

"not speech"

Broca: patient with lesion near sulci (between motro cortex for mouth) couldnt speak but could understand

Wenicke: patient with tumor in parietal couldnt speak but could understand but couldnt speak

 

Term
Epilepsy
Definition

Very common world wide, esp in undeveloped countries

excessive neural firing that propogates throughout brain

localized (petite mal) vs generalized (grand mal)

Term
commissurotomy
Definition

"split brain" 

if view word will only report seeing the part of that word represented by the speech and language side of their brain (ususally left) ... right side of word

Term
exceptions to the rule of opposition
Definition

olfaction

audition (60/40)

foveal representation

manual control, adductors

neck muscles

commissurotomy

Term

cross cueing

 

Definition
hemispheres communicate color of a visual field by neck muscles. exterior means by shaking head yes or no.
Term
hemisphere specialization
Definition

left: language + spech

right: facial perception, spacial skills

usually left is dominant, thought the older we get, the less laterialized. 

Term
snellen recognition
Definition
typical letter chart. 20/20 based. size + distance
Term
Landolt vision
Definition
Literacy not required. C is pointed in different directions. represents receptor width of .5deg or 30 sec of arc
Term
serifs
Definition
edges of letter. increase legibility in high resolution. decrease in lower res
Term
equilegible effect
Definition

shows leters growing larger from center in circle

smaller in center where there are more receptors, therefor equilegible

Term
crowding effect
Definition
letters in circle: as crowding increases, letters at periphery have greater priority bc of evolution
Term
Vernier acuity
Definition
ability to align a movable line with a fixed one. allows pooling of info up and down line. measures acuity up to 5 sec arc- or 1/6 receptor width
Term
Airy's disk
Definition

smallest dor that can be projected onto the retina use the eye's optics. Once it gets to a minimal size, it will fade to gray. 

far away headlights=airy's disk-- 1 receptor

Term
line spread function
Definition
minimum thickness of line that can be projected on the retina. 
Term
resolution acuity
Definition
measured by airy's disk. 
Term
contrast
Definition

how dark are the darks

how light are the lights

Term
Fourier synth: low spatial frequency
Definition
fuzzy blobs
Term
Fourier synth: high spatial freq
Definition
sketchy traces
Term
Fourier synth: low + high spatial freq
Definition
sharp edges
Term
michelson contrast
Definition

Lmax-Lmin

__________

Lmax+Lmin

Term
contrast sensitivity
Definition
affected by age, species, astigmatism, eccentricty in fovea, receptor systems, illumination
Term
Philisohpical reductionism
Definition
its possible to reduce psychological phenom to biological ones
Term
methodological reductionism
Definition

Reductionims is the only route to understanding

(Gestastists believe)

Term
Pragnanz
Definition

Gestalt principal: good ness of form

"the whole is different than the sum of its parts''

Term
bottom up view of perception
Definition

stimulus--retina---LGN----V1

behaviorists

Term
Top down view of perception
Definition

stimulus---> retina--->LGN<----  V1

gestaltists

Term

Thomas Kuhns: theories should be:

 

Definition

1 accurate in prediction

2. relatively simple

3. broad in scope

4. internally consistant

5. applicable to new research and new findings

Term
Charles Phillipon
Definition

painitng of french leader morphing into pear. Les Poires

similarities of form

Term
abstraction of shape: examples
Definition
picasso: detailed bull to very abstract, representative
Term
types of camouflage
Definition

1. mimincry of environment: walking stick

2. mimicry of others: viceroy butterflie

3. "jazz" camouflage: zebra. where eyes confused by lines

Term
border ownership
Definition

images make it hard to determine which object owns a particular line.

MC escher: used edges, objects and cracks

Term

color: audition

hue:

saturation:

Lightness: 

Definition

:pitch

:inverse of timbre

:loudness

Term
Newton's three discoveies (optiks)
Definition

1. divisability of white light into rainbow

2. Reconstitutability of white light from rainbow

2. reconstitutability of white light from 3 sufficiently spaced colors

Term
additive color mixing
Definition
lights: TV, pointilism
Term
3 color theory
Definition

RGB- young/helmholtz

evidenced by newtons third demo, receptors

 

Term
4 color theory
Definition

RYGB Hering

evidenced by introspection, afterimages, ganglion cells

Term
univariance
Definition
one receptor can register light and dark
Term
delta lambda function
Definition
we our ability to distinguish colors varies with wavelenth
Term
L, M, S cones
Definition
long, medium, short. percieve different colors
Term
after images
Definition

result of opponent pairs of ganglion cells

 

Term
protanopia
Definition
absense of long receptor. color weak. fruits will look same color
Term
deuteronopia
Definition
absense of middle receptor. color weak. fruits will look same color
Term
protoanomalous
Definition
long receptor mistuned to 550nm. color weak
Term
deuteroanomalous
Definition
med receptor tuned to 550. affects greatest number of males. 
Term
proto,deuteroanomalous carriers
Definition
have L,M,S but also additional at 550nm
Term
tritanope
Definition
green becomes red. very rare.
Term
rod monochromism
Definition
true color blindness. only shades of gray (light dark)
Term
neural monochromism
Definition
normal cones but no opponent system. see only light, dark. (pinelap island)
Term
level one colors
Definition
terms in their own right: blue, red, green, yellow,purple, black, white, gray
Term
level 2 colors
Definition

color terms borrowed from other objects:

orange, pink, violet, etc

Term
cultural salience + color
Definition
remarkable uniformity of color terms between different languages
Term
of all primary colors, why is blue poorly represented as level 1 term?
Definition

only present in 50% of cultures b/c

1. refraction---> there are no short cones in the fovea

2. filtering

3. relative sensitivity M,L are more sensitive than S

Term
macula lutea
Definition
flap of skin in the eye which can tan to block out blue light and protect fovea
Term
heigegger's bush
Definition
answer to question- if there are no s cones in fovea, how do we see blue there?
Term
def of luminance
Definition

luminance=reflectance x illuminance

 

units of light relecting form object

Term
illuminance
Definition
units of light emitted from source
Term
equiluminance
Definition
when color differences are present but luminance differences are not
Term
occlusion
Definition
object obstructs vision of other object. most important method of determining depth/position. effective at low depth contrast, long distances
Term
relative size
Definition
ratio between objects to determine depth. assumes that things that roughly the same size, shape are roughly the same thing
Term
familiar size
Definition
when we know something about the size, shape of one object, we gain information about the qualities of a second visable object
Term
relative density
Definition

weakest method of ordinal judgement (.1) depth contrast. 

Eiffel tower lattice work more dense at top to appear farther away

Term
height in visual field (angular elevation)
Definition
decreases in depth contrast with distance. as objects get farther away their height in the field increases
Term
aerial perspective
Definition
most remote objects appear bluer (more similar to background) due to water vapor in air. increases with in depth contrast with distance
Term
accomodation + convergence
Definition

ability to manipulate the lens of the eye.

Close objects: eyes move inward, lenses thicken

distant objects: lenses thin

very limited range of use

Term
binocular disparities
Definition

most objects will fall on different parts of the retina in either eye

 

Term
motion perspective
Definition
moving thins go by faster when close than far. depth contrast depends on angle from fovea and relative velocity
Term
linear perspective
Definition
converging lines that we assume are parallel indicate distance
Term
Invariant
Definition

James Gibson

probability of property given information=1.00

perfectly trustworth

relatively few in perception

Term
Cue
Definition

helmholtz

probability of property given information <1.00

ex: fire given smoke

Term
cross ratio
Definition

Are lines in a plane:

sin (a+B) x sin (B + y)

-------------------------

Sin(B) x sin (a + B + y)

Term
Gibson's 3 gradients
Definition

size: decreases with distance

density: increases with distance

compression: ratio of y to x axis decreases with dist. lots of noise. accounts to very little of texture gradients

Term
fractal dimension
Definition

log (#elements)

----------------------

log (dist between elements)

Term
brown fractal
Definition
produces assymetric, overlapping pattern
Term
peano curve
Definition
tree as fractal pattern
Term
white noise
Definition
random jumps with no regard for last position
Term
brownian noise
Definition
random walk, regard for last position
Term
pink noise
Definition

1/f noise

halfway between white and brown

the relative energy is equal to the reciprocal of the spatial frequency

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