Keep eye inflated, minor cleanup. 

Floaters

Drain humors, 

glaucoma

receptor network

retinal fold, detachment

exit of optic nerve

hole in visual feild

refract light

cataracts

at edges of lense. When stretch lens is thin, ciliary muscles relaxed.

When loose lens is thick, cilare muscles tense

when two parts of body are rubbed, which will feel the primary stimulation.

finger-lip= lip

finger-leg=finger

retina-superior colliculus-pulvinar-cortex

pulvinar is part of thalamus

retina-LGN-cortex

LGN is part of thalamus

10% of cortex

relatively fast conducting

detect luminance

low spatial freq. high temporal resolution

rapidly adapting

80% of cortex

slow conducting

color

high spatial freq. low temporal resolution

slow adapting

10% of cortex

variable velocity

med spatial freq, high temporal resolution

orientation- coded in gradations in columns

space- coded in gradations orthog to columns

spatial frequency- coded in gradations at increasing depth

motion/rest-coded in different layers

eyes-coded in adjacent slabs

color- coded in "blobs" that erupt in the middle of orientation columns

a navigational system for moving through the world

retina-magno cells-superior colliculus-pulvinat-cortec, V2

severe inability to recognize shapes by vision

can recognize by touch

can report color, surfaces but not orientation, size, or shape

V1, tectothalamic pathway intact

magno parvo interblob channels not intact

perception for "what"... categorizatio

geniculostriate controibutes to this

words- matching hill angle with language

perception for "where" "how"... action

contributed to by the tectothalamic and geniculostriate

haptics-matching hill angle with palm board

10x more likely to be dyslexic

2x more likely to have immune disorders

decrease in numbers with age

males make more money

have greater range of intelligence

Most right handers have language in left hemispher

left handers depend on family: if familial left hander-language in left 

if nonfamilial language in right or bilaterially

85% of cells in brain

microglia

astrocyctes

oligodendrites

Sudden but passing, 

Numbness in face, confusion, headache, dizziness

common in people who have never had a stroke

Destruction of brain--- loss of control of impulses

shows that cogntion, emotion are intertwined

"not speech"

Broca: patient with lesion near sulci (between motro cortex for mouth) couldnt speak but could understand

Wenicke: patient with tumor in parietal couldnt speak but could understand but couldnt speak

Very common world wide, esp in undeveloped countries

excessive neural firing that propogates throughout brain

localized (petite mal) vs generalized (grand mal)

"split brain" 

if view word will only report seeing the part of that word represented by the speech and language side of their brain (ususally left) ... right side of word

olfaction

audition (60/40)

foveal representation

manual control, adductors

neck muscles

commissurotomy

cross cueing

left: language + spech

right: facial perception, spacial skills

usually left is dominant, thought the older we get, the less laterialized. 

shows leters growing larger from center in circle

smaller in center where there are more receptors, therefor equilegible

smallest dor that can be projected onto the retina use the eye's optics. Once it gets to a minimal size, it will fade to gray. 

far away headlights=airy's disk-- 1 receptor

how dark are the darks

how light are the lights

Lmax-Lmin

__________

Lmax+Lmin

Reductionims is the only route to understanding

(Gestastists believe)

Gestalt principal: good ness of form

"the whole is different than the sum of its parts''

stimulus--retina---LGN----V1

behaviorists

stimulus---> retina--->LGN<----  V1

gestaltists

Thomas Kuhns: theories should be:

1 accurate in prediction

2. relatively simple

3. broad in scope

4. internally consistant

5. applicable to new research and new findings

painitng of french leader morphing into pear. Les Poires

similarities of form

1. mimincry of environment: walking stick

2. mimicry of others: viceroy butterflie

3. "jazz" camouflage: zebra. where eyes confused by lines

images make it hard to determine which object owns a particular line.

MC escher: used edges, objects and cracks

color: audition

hue:

saturation:

Lightness: 

:pitch

:inverse of timbre

:loudness

1. divisability of white light into rainbow

2. Reconstitutability of white light from rainbow

2. reconstitutability of white light from 3 sufficiently spaced colors

RGB- young/helmholtz

evidenced by newtons third demo, receptors

RYGB Hering

evidenced by introspection, afterimages, ganglion cells

result of opponent pairs of ganglion cells

color terms borrowed from other objects:

orange, pink, violet, etc

only present in 50% of cultures b/c

1. refraction---> there are no short cones in the fovea

2. filtering

3. relative sensitivity M,L are more sensitive than S

luminance=reflectance x illuminance

units of light relecting form object

weakest method of ordinal judgement (.1) depth contrast. 

Eiffel tower lattice work more dense at top to appear farther away

ability to manipulate the lens of the eye.

Close objects: eyes move inward, lenses thicken

distant objects: lenses thin

very limited range of use

most objects will fall on different parts of the retina in either eye

James Gibson

probability of property given information=1.00

perfectly trustworth

relatively few in perception

helmholtz

probability of property given information <1.00

ex: fire given smoke

Are lines in a plane:

sin (a+B) x sin (B + y)

-------------------------

Sin(B) x sin (a + B + y)

size: decreases with distance

density: increases with distance

compression: ratio of y to x axis decreases with dist. lots of noise. accounts to very little of texture gradients

log (#elements)

----------------------

log (dist between elements)

1/f noise

halfway between white and brown

the relative energy is equal to the reciprocal of the spatial frequency