Term
| images on the nasal retina are projected to the... |
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Definition
| contralateral LGN/V1 hemisphere |
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Term
| images on the temporal retina are projected to the... |
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Definition
| ipsilateral LGN/V1 hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
| relay center of the brain (recieves from the retina and sends to V1) |
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Term
| Layers 1-6 are found in.. |
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Definition
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Term
| Layers 6-1 are found in... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| each layer recieves input from only one eye |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| linear retinotopic layout |
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Definition
| the optical image is a faithful rendition of the real image |
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Term
| What type of Receptive feilds does the LGN have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of receptive feilds does V1 have? |
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Definition
| oriented receptive feilds |
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Term
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Definition
| integrates retinal and cortical information to provide a motor output |
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Term
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Definition
| discovered orientation RF in V1 are a result of the sum total output from the convergence of the circular RF arrangement in the LGN(orLy4) |
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Term
| Where do orientation RF emerge for the first time? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does binocularity emerge for the first time? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| exclusively driven by the contralateral eye |
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Term
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Definition
| exculsively driven by the ipsilateral eye |
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Term
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Definition
| driven equally by both eyes (binocular) |
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Term
| Is there binocularity in L4 of LGN? |
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Definition
| no. all neurons in LGN are monocular. |
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Term
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Definition
| vertical zone of neurons that prefer one eye over the other |
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Term
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Definition
| vertical column of neurons that prefer a particular orientation |
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Term
| Who discovered the coloumnar preference layout? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Area V1 layout of the 2 coloumn systems that co-exist forming a 3D system |
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Term
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Definition
| encompasses both ocular dominance columsn and 1 complete set of orientation columns |
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Term
| What is the difference between each hypercoloum? |
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Definition
| where the image is located on the retinotopic map |
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Term
Parvocellular pathways
(5 pts) |
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Definition
- layers 3, 4, 5, 6 of V1
- made up of small cell bodies
- small RF
- ENCODE COLOR
- ENCODE STATIC INFO |
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Term
Magnocellular pathways
(5 pts) |
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Definition
- layers 1, 2 of V1
- made up of large cell bodies
- large RF's
- ENCODE LIGHT INTENSITY/CONTRAST
- ENCODE DYNAMIC INFO (motion) |
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Term
| Where do P and M layer distinction arise? |
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Definition
| In retinal ganglion cells and the division is maintained to LGN and all the way to V1+ |
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Term
| Temporal lobe is ___ dominated |
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Definition
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Term
| Parietal lobe is ___ dominated |
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Definition
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Term
| Dorsal path tells us ___ regarding an object |
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Definition
| where (ie. spatial relationships) |
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Term
| Ventral path tells us ___ regarding an object |
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Definition
| what (ie. object identificaion) |
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Term
| Is dorsal or ventral a faster pathway? |
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Definition
| dorsal (M) is faster because it procsses "where" information |
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Term
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Definition
| "all objects are composed of elementary parts" |
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Term
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Definition
| Our visual system breaks down objects into elementary parts and later re-assembles them in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| objects are holistic (ie. they are different as 1 part vs all the combined elementary parts) |
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Term
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Definition
| leader of Gestalt psychology |
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Term
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Definition
| mathematical predicitive way of understanding what an object is by decomposing an object into a series of sinewave functions |
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Term
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Definition
| each object has its own spatial frequency, contrast, orientation and phase gratings |
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Term
| Where is spatial frequency (for Fourier Spectrum) detected? |
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Definition
| detected in the retina based on the size of the RF |
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Term
| Where is contrast (for Fourier Spectrum) detected? |
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Definition
| in the retina (neurons are contrast detectors afterall!) |
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Term
| Where is orientation (for Fourier Spectrum) detected? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is phase(for Fourier Spectrum) detected? |
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Definition
the layout of the ganglion cells in the retina using the retinotopic map
(recall: phase is position) |
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Term
| Where does Fourier fall apart? why? |
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Definition
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Term
| How s orientation selectivity created in V1? |
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Definition
| RF's from layer 4 of LGN projects to V1 in an additive manner |
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Term
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Definition
| the more dense the material the greater refraction it will cause |
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Term
| What is the refractive index of a diamond? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the refractive index of glass? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the refractive index of water? |
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Definition
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Term
| What wavelength results in a greater refractive index? |
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Definition
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Term
| What wavelength results in a lower refractive index? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| quality that creates sensations we have termed to be colors |
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Term
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Definition
| perceptual equivalent of contrast (ie. how intense is the light0 |
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Term
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Definition
| Amount of whitness in the color |
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Term
| Mini photoreceptor system |
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Definition
| made up of many different types of photoreceptors that absorb wavelength of different intensities |
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Term
| Two reasons the Mini PR system would not work? |
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Definition
| 1) biologically difficult to make such an infinite amount so sharply tuned. 2) lose spatial resolution bc the wavelength has to hit at a restricted spot on the retina in order to be seen |
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Term
1 big PR theory of color
+ Problem |
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Definition
Depending on how much light is absorbed by the PR, the higher the signal and it is converted by the brain into a color
Problem is that 1 absorption level cuses two possible wavelengths |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 pigment system = no color |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 3 cones make up color vision |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 cones make up color vision (ex. in birds) |
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Term
| Disdvantage of more than 3 RF's to make color vision |
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Definition
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Term
| Disadvantage of less PR to make color vision |
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Definition
| worse your color vision gets |
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Term
| Where are color opponent neurons found? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| PhotoR's do not convey any information about the wavelength of the light, only how many photons were absorbed |
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Term
| Is there binocularity in L4 of V1? |
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Definition
| it is mainly monocular (from LGN) |
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Term
| Where do color opponent neurons arise? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do color opponent neurons arise? |
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Definition
| connections bt ganglion cells and photoreceptors |
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Term
| ON/OFF neurons are formed when |
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Definition
| all 3 cones are influencing ganglion cell at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| intensity is the same across the entire color grading |
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Term
| Double opponency neurons found in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why are men at more risk for color deficiency? |
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Definition
| genes for M and L cones are found on the X chromosome; hence they have a lower probability of having the gene |
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Term
| What % of male population has a color vision problem? |
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Definition
| 8% (1%prot, 1% duet, 1%protanomaly, 5% dueteronomaly) = 1/12 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| missing the gene that makes photoreceptors (therefore missing all 3 cones)= scotopic vision |
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Term
| Disadvantages of being rod monochromat |
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Definition
- cant see under photopic conditions
- cant use fovea (no detail) |
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Term
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Definition
| apox distance and object is from the observer |
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Term
| cilliary muscles are relaxed, you are looking at a |
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Definition
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Term
| cilliary muscles are contracted, you are looking at a |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1/3 into the eye; the point where all collapsed light rays proceed through |
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Term
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Definition
| the convergence or divergence by the extraocular msucles of the eyes to maintain foveation (ie the image on the fovea) |
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Term
| vergence converge occurs when |
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Definition
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Term
| vergence diverge occurs when |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| signl outflow to the brain telling it how much the eyes changed |
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Term
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Definition
| signal inflow to the muscles from the brain telling them how much to adjust |
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Term
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Definition
| accomidation, vergence, retinal image size |
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Term
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Definition
| the perceptual impression of object size that remains constant regardess of object distance |
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Term
| percieved object size is a function of |
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Definition
| absoulte depth X retinal image size |
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Term
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Definition
| the distance between two objects with respect to each other |
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Term
| is relative or absoulte depth more sensitive? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| comparison of the two retinal images in each eye (ie bincoluar vision necessary) |
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Term
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Definition
| plane of perceptually equidistant objcts (dt=dn) |
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Term
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Definition
| an object infront of the horopter (crossed retinal disparity) |
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Term
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Definition
| object behind the horopter (uncrossed retinal disparity) |
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Term
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Definition
| relative location in tems of their difference in two eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| corresponding retinal images, dt = dn. objects on horopter |
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Term
| positive retinal disparity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when the disparity is too large to be detected by the diparity neurons and results in an unfused image |
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Term
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Definition
| within this range we have disparity selective neurons to process depth stereoptically - outside it the image is blurred (diplopia) |
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Term
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Definition
| pair of images taken by laterally displaced optical devices |
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Term
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Definition
| how does the visual brain know which points of the image should be correlated with points of the image in the other eye? |
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Term
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Definition
| calculate disparity first and then assemble them into form |
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Term
| 3 ways of monocular depth perception |
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Definition
| oculsion, perspective (liner, texture graident), motion paralax |
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