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Perception PSY405 Spring 2011 Exam 3
UNLV Dr. Dippner
212
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
03/29/2011

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Term
Sine waves have amplitude, frequency and phase. Organisms hear loudness, pitch and timbre.
Definition
Sine waves have amp______, fr______cy and ph__e. Organisms hear l_____s, pitch and ti_____re.
Term
The usual unit for amplitude is decibels.
Definition
The usual unit for amplitude is d_____s.
Term
A logarithmic transformation is used to express the amplitude of sound in decibels.
Definition
A l________ transformation is used to express the am_______ude of sound in decibels.
Term
The usual unit for frequency is Hertz.
Definition
The usual unit for frequency is H____z.
Term
If two 1000 Hz pure tones of equal amplitude are 180 degrees out of phase you will hear nothing.
Definition
If two 1000 Hz pure tones of equal amplitude are 180 degrees out of phase you will hear what?.
Term
A pure tone consists of a single frequency while harmonics consist of multiples of that frequency.
Definition
A pure tone consists of a s____efrequency while h____cs consist of multiples of that frequency.
Term
The lowest frequency of a complex sound wave is called the fundamental. If you remove all of the harmonics you will have left the fundamental.
Definition
The lowest frequency of a complex sound wave is called the fun_______al. If you remove all of the harmonics you will have left the fundamental.
Term
The outer ear contains the pinna and the auditory canal and ends at the eardrum. The middle ear contains the ossicles. The inner ear is the cochlea.
Definition
The outer ear contains the p____a and the auditory c_____l and ends at the eardrum. The middle ear contains the os____s. The inner ear is the coch___a.
Term
The pinna and the auditory canal help amplify and localize sounds.
Definition
The pinna and the auditory canal help amp_____ and lo_____ze sounds.
Term
If the eardrum were to lose its flexibility it would no longer vibrate to the pressure of sound waves.
Definition
If the eardrum were to lose its fl_____y it would no longer vibrate to the pressure of s______d w_____s.
Term
The ossicles consist of the malleus, (hammer), incus, (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup).
Definition
The ossicles consist of the m_____, (hammer), incus, (an__l), and the st____s(stirrup).
Term
The acoustic reflex refers to the action of the muscles of the ossicles when subjected to intense sounds.
Definition
The ac_____c re____x refers to the action of the muscles of the ossicles when subjected to intense sounds.
Term
The vestibular organ is responsible for your body's sense of balance.
Definition
The v_____r o____n is responsible for your body's sense of balance.
Term
The change in sound wave medium from mechanical to fluid takes place at the oval window.
Definition
The change in sound wave medium from mechanical to fl__d takes place at the o___ w____w.
Term
The cochlea is divided lengthwise by the basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane.
Definition
The cochlea is divided lengthwise by the b____r membrane and the tec_____al membrane.
Term
There are 3-4 times as many outer hair cells as there are inner hair cells.
Definition
There are 3-4 times as many o___r hair cells as there are i___r hair cells.
Term
Two tone suppression suggest that the neurons to the outer hair cells are mostly efferent (from the CNS -out- to them)
Definition
T__ tone sup_____n suggest that the neurons to the outer hair cells are mostly efferent (from the CNS -out- to them)
Term
The temporal theory compares the basilar membrane to a telephone diaphragm.
Definition
The t______l theory compares the basilar membrane to a telephone diaphragm.
Term
According to temporal theory the entire basilar membrane responds to the movement of the stapes.
Definition
According to temporal theory the entire basilar membrane r_____s to the movement of the st___s.
Term
The volley theory answered one of the temporal theory's problems.
Definition
The v____y theory answered one of the temporal theory's problems.
Term
The place theory says that different frequencies move different parts of the basilar membrane.
Definition
The p____e theory says that different frequencies move different parts of the basilar membrane.
Term
Helmholtz thought that the basilar membrane was similar to the layout of a piano's strings.
Definition
Helmholtz thought that the basilar membrane was similar to the layout of a p_____'s st____gs.
Term
Von Bekesy's demonstration of the traveling wave showed that both theories were partially correct and partially incorrect.
Definition
Von Bekesy's demonstration of the tr_____ng wave showed that both theories were partially correct and partially incorrect.
Term
The shape formed by a traveling wave is called its envelope.
Definition
The shape formed by a traveling wave is called its e______e.
Term
Auditory nerve fibers have characteristic frequencies.
Definition
Auditory nerve fibers have ch________tic frequencies.
Term
A tonotopic map shows us that frequencies are spatially organized in the cortex similar to the organization on the basilar membrane.
Definition
A t______cmap shows us that frequencies are spatially organized in the cortex similar to the organization on the basilar m____ne.
Term
After the cochlear nucleus the auditory nerve splits and travels to the primary auditory areas on both sides of the brain.
Definition
After the co______ar nu____us the auditory nerve splits and travels to the primary au_____ry areas on both sides of the brain.
Term
Broca's area is in the left frontal lobe and directs the muscles involved in speech.
Definition
Br____'s area is in the left frontal lobe and directs the muscles involved in sp____h.
Term
Wernicke's area is in the left frontal lobe and is involved in language comprehension.
Definition
W_______'s area is in the left frontal lobe and is involved in la______ge comprehension.
Term
Frequency sweep detectors and complex cells are found in the cortex that responds to the jingle of keys or to the sound of paper being torn..
Definition
Fre_____cy sweep detec___rs and complex cells are found in the cortex that responds to the j______e of keys or to the sound of paper being torn.
Term
There is some evidence that hair cell regeneration may be possible.
Definition
There is some evidence that hair cell re_________on may be possible.
Term
Psychoacoustics is the study of the perception of sound.
Definition
Ps__________ics is the study of the perception of sound.
Term
Loudness is the psychological reaction to the amplitude of a sound wave.
Definition
L______s is the psychological reaction to the amplitude of a sound wave.
Term
One sone is equal to 40 db at 1000 Hz.
Definition
One s___e is equal to 40 db at 1000 Hz.
Term
Pitch is the psychological reaction to the frequency of a sound.
Definition
P____h is the psychological reaction to the frequency of a sound.
Term
The Mel scale is used to measure pitch.
Definition
The M_l scale is used to measure pitch.
Term
Equal loudness contours shows how different frequencies require different intensities to be equally loud.
Definition
Equal loudness contours shows how d_______t frequencies require different in______es to be equally loud.
Term
Timbre is the sensation that two tones sound different even though they are of equal loudness and pitch.
Definition
T____re is the sensation that two tones sound different even though they are of equal l____ess and pi__h.
Term
A combination of two or more notes that people judge pleasant is called consonance.
Definition
A combination of two or more notes that people judge pleasant is called c______e.
Term
The missing fundamental is heard even though it is not there.
Definition
The missing f______l is heard even though it is not there.
Term
Place theory and frequency theory may both apply, frequency theory works for lower frequencies and place theory works for high ones.
Definition
Pl__e theory and fr____cy theory may both apply, frequency theory works for l___r frequencies and place theory works for h__h ones.
Term
Both theories(place and frequency)have difficulty with the case of the missing fundamental.
Definition
Both theories (place and frequency) have difficulty with the case of the m_____g f________l.
Term
You can demonstrate the precedent effect by using two speakers.
Definition
You can demonstrate the pre_____nt effect by using two speakers.
Term
The precedent effect is quite useful in testing malingerers.
Definition
The precedent effect is quite useful in testing m________s.
Term
Masking is the effect of one sound on another above threshold
Definition
M_______g is the effect of one sound on another above threshold
Term
We can have backwards, forwards, and simultaneous masking.
Definition
We can have b______s, for_____ds, and sim_____eous masking.
Term
Critical bands are determined by presenting two tones below threshold of slightly different pitch.
Definition
C_____l bands are determined by presenting two tones below threshold of slightly different p_____h.
Term
Localization depends mostly on binaural cues.
Definition
L_________n depends mostly on binaural cues.
Term
Azimuth and elevation are important dimensions for sound localization.
Definition
Az____th and el_______n are important dimensions for sound localization.
Term
Interaural Time Difference, (ITD), is the difference in the time of arrival of a sound wave at the two ears.
Definition
I________l T__e D_______nce, (ITD), is the difference in the time of arrival of a sound wave at the two ears.
Term
Interaural Level Difference, (ILD), is the difference in SPL arriving at the two ears.
Definition
I_______l L_____l Dif_____ce, (ILD), is the difference in SPL arriving at the two ears.
Term
The cone of confusion is a set of points in space that have the same ILD or ITD.
Definition
The c__e of con_____ion is a set of points in space that have the same ILD or ITD.
Term
If the sound is coming from the right, your left ear will be in the shadow of your head.
Definition
If the sound is coming from the right, your left ear will be in the s_____w of your head.
Term
The psuedophone puts sounds from the left of your head into your right ear and from the right into your left ear.
Definition
The p______ne puts sounds from the left of your head into your right ear and from the right into your left ear.
Term
Auditory illusions seem to obey many of the Gestalt laws.
Definition
Auditory illusions seem to obey many of the G______lt laws.
Term
A temporary threshold shift is a temporary decrease in hearing sensitivity caused by exposure to noise.
Definition
A t_______y th____ld shift is a temporary decrease in hearing sensitivity caused by exposure to n___e.
Term
Hearing loss is second only to back pain as the most common disability in the USA.
Definition
H______g l__s is second only to back pain as the most common disability in the USA.
Term
Conduction loss is up to the oval window, after the window we have sensory loss (different naming conventions for the kinds of loss).
Definition
C________n loss is up to the oval window, after the window we have s______y loss (different naming conventions for the kinds of loss).
Term
Tonal gap is a narrow range of frequencies, which are inaudible.
Definition
T____l g_p is a narrow range of frequencies, which are inaudible.
Term
Otosclerosis is a disorder of the middle ear due to lack of ability to move the stirrup.
Definition
Ot_______sis is a disorder of the middle ear due to lack of ability to move the stirrup.
Term
Presbyopia is to vision as prebyacusis is to audition.
Definition
Presb_____ia is to vision as pr___yacusis is to audition.
Term
A shift in frequency of a moving sound that provides a cue to its distance is called a Doppler shift.
Definition
A shift in frequency of a moving sound that provides a cue to its distance is called a D_____r s____t.
Term
The sound /t/ is a unit of speech called a phoneme.
Definition
The sound /t/ is a unit of speech called a p_____e.
Term
The word “cats” has two morphemes.
Definition
The word “cats” has two m______s.
Term
The three components of articulation are Place, Manner, and Voicing.
Definition
The three components of articulation are Pl___e, M___er, and Vo__ing.
Term
The articulators are teeth, tongue, lips, and palates
Definition
The articulators are t__th, to___ue, l_ps, and p___tes
Term
Place of articulation is where the tongue is.
Definition
Place of ar_______n is where the tongue is.
Term
Manner of articulation refers to air flow.
Definition
Manner of articulation refers to a_r f__w.
Term
Voicing is vibration of the vocal cords.
Definition
V_____ng is vibration of the vocal cords.
Term
Formats are important features of sound spectrograms.
Definition
For__ts are important features of sound spec___grams.
Term
There are at least four formats but only the first two are important for speech.
Definition
There are at least f__r formats but only the first two are impo___nt for speech.
Term
The frequencies important for the perception of consonants are 500-8000 Hz.
Definition
The frequencies important for the perception of c______ts are 500-8000 Hz.
Term
The frequencies that produce vowel sounds are 300-3000 Hz.
Definition
The frequencies that produce v___l sounds are 300-3000 Hz.
Term
Voice-onset time (VOT) refers to the time between air release and vocal cord vibration.
Definition
Vo__e-on__t time (VOT) refers to the time between air release and vocal cord vib____on.
Term
The sound of /ba/ will change to the sound of /pa/ when you cross over the phonetic boundary.
Definition
The sound of /ba/ will change to the sound of /pa/ when you cross over the ph_____c boun___y.
Term
Categorical perception can be shown in animals as well as humans.
Definition
Cate_____al per______n can be shown in animals as well as humans.
Term
When you cut a phoneme out of a recorded sentence and replace it with a cough, people will report the sentence as intact.
Definition
When you c_t a pho__me out of a recorded sentence and replace it with a cough, people will report the sentence as i____t.
Term
The auditory phenomenon of phonemic restoration is similar to the visual phenomenon of illusory contours.
Definition
The auditory phenomenon of ph____ic r_____n is similar to the visual phenomenon of illusory contours.
Term
The McGurk effect can be summarized by “what you see affects what you hear”
Definition
The m____k ef__ct can be summarized by “what you see affects what you hear”
Term
Chromesthesia refers to the fact that certain tones can produce a vivid color sensation.
Definition
Chro______sia refers to the fact that certain tones can produce a vivid color sensation.
Term
Most hallucinations are auditory.
Definition
Most hallucinations are a______y.
Term
Malingerers can be detected with delayed auditory feedback.
Definition
Mal_____rs can be detected with de____ed auditory feedback.
Term
Echoic memory lasts for about 2 sec. Iconic memory lasts for about 250 msec.
Definition
Ec___c memory lasts for about 2 sec. Ic___c memory lasts for about 250 msec.
Term
The main reason your voice sounds different on a tape to you but not to others is bone conduction.
Definition
The main reason your voice sounds different on a tape to you but not to others is b__e co______on.
Term
The doctrine of specific nerve energies states that different sensory nerves have their own characteristic types of activity.
Definition
The do___rine of spec__ic nerve ene__ies states that different sensory ne__es have their own chara___ristic types of activity.
Term
The skin is quite useful, it is water resistant, self-repairing, and changes size as you grow.
Definition
The s__n is quite useful, it is water resi___nt, self-repairing, and changes s__e as you grow.
Term
The sensations resulting from cutaneous stimulation are pressure (mechanoreceptors), temperature, and pain.
Definition
The sensations resulting from cutaneous stimulation are pre___re (mechanoreceptors), temp____ure, and p_in.
Term
Harry Harlow'w experiments with cloth and wire surrogate mothers for monkeys demonstrates the importance of body contact for development.
Definition
Harry Ha___w'w experiments with cloth and wire sur___ate mothers for monkeys demonstrates the importance of body co__act for development.
Term
The importance of touch and body contact can be shown by weight gains in premies and rat pups.
Definition
The importance of to_ch and body co___ct can be shown by weight gains in pr___es and rat pups.
Term
It is possible that touch is the only unlearned stimulus for sexual responses.
Definition
It is possible that touch is the only unle__ned stimulus for s____l resp___es.
Term
The Palmar Reflex can be observed by touching the palm of a neonate.
Definition
The Pa__ar Reflex can be observed by touching the p__m of a neon_te.
Term
Anton Mesmer claimed that his touch could magnetize objects and people.
Definition
An__n Mesmer claimed that his touch could mag__tize objects and pe_ple.
Term
Nerve fibers that respond only to the onset (or offset) of pressure stimulation are called rapidly adapting (RA) fibers.
Definition
Ne_ve fibers that respond only to the onset (or of__et) of pressure stimulation are called ra___ly ada__ing (RA) fibers.
Term
Nerve fibers that respond as long as pressure stimulation is present are called slowly adapting (SA) fibers.
Definition
Nerve fibers that respond as long as pressure stimulation is present are called sl___ly ad___ing (SA) fibers.
Term
Both RA and SA fibers can be either punctate or diffuse.
Definition
Both RA and SA fibers can be either pu___ate or dif__se.
Term
Punctate fibers have small and well-defined receptive fields. Diffuse fibers have large and ill-defined receptive fields.
Definition
Pu___ate fibers have small and well-defined rec___ive fields. Dif__se fibers have large and ill-defined receptive fields.
Term
Pacinian corpuscles and rapidly adapting (RA) fibers respond to changes in stimulation but stop responding to continuous pressure.
Definition
Pacin_an corpuscles and rapidly adapting (RA) fibers respond to changes in sti___ation but stop responding to con____ous pressure.
Term
Both the Pacinian corpuscles and the Meissner corpuscles are encapsulated to touch receptors.
Definition
Both the Pacinian corpuscles and the Me___ner corpuscles are encapsulated to to_ch receptors.
Term
The Pacinian and the Ruffini corpuscles are both deep (as in deep in your skin) receptors. The Ruffinis have SA fibers.
Definition
The Paci__an and the Ruffini corpuscles are both d__p (as in d__p in your skin) receptors. The Ruf__nis have SA fibers.
Term
Merkel disc and slowly adapting fibers (SA) respond relatively continuous to continuous pressure on receptors.
Definition
Me__el disc and s___ly adapting fibers (SA) respond relatively con___uous to conti___us pressure on receptors.
Term
The most common skin receptors are free nerve endings.
Definition
The most common skin receptors are f__e ne__e endings.
Term
The major nerve endings for hairy skin regions are called basket cells, most are FNEs ("free nerve endings")
Definition
The major nerve endings for hairy skin regions are called ba___t cells, most are F_Es
Term
Glabrous skin refers to hairless skin.
Definition
Gla____s skin refers to hairless skin.
Term
A specific area on the skin that affects the firing of a single neuron in the sensory cortex is called a receptive field.
Definition
A specific area on the skin that affects the firing of a single neuron in the sensory cortex is called a rec____ve fi__d.
Term
The two-point discrimination test shows different thresholds for a different areas of the body.
Definition
The t_o-point discr____ation test shows different thresholds for a different ar__s of the body.
Term
The topographical representation of the skin in the sensory cortex is shown as a sensory homunculus.
Definition
The topog___hical representation of the skin in the sensory cortex is shown as a se___ry hom___ulus.
Term
Both touch and kinesthesia provide information to the haptic system.
Definition
Both to__h and kine____sia provide information to the ha_tic system.
Term
Kinesthesia is information from receptors in the muscles, proprioception is the ability to tell where the limbs are from this information.
Definition
Kin____esia is information from receptors in the muscles, prop_____ption is the ability to tell where the limbs are from this information.
Term
At the age of 16 Louis Braille invented the system of raised letters that bears his name today.
Definition
At the age of 16 Lo__s Bra___e invented the system of raised let__rs that bears his name today.
Term
“Paradoxical cold” refers to the phenomenon where a hot stimulus produces a cold sensation.
Definition
“Par____ical c_ld” refers to the phenomenon where a h_t stimulus produces a cold sensation.
Term
When temperature changes quickly we are more likely to notice the change than if the change is gradual.
Definition
When temperature changes qu___ly we are more likely to notice the change than if the change is gr___al.
Term
Some of the sensory terms for pain are throbbing, prickly, hot, stinging, burning, aching, and dull.
Definition
Some of the sensory terms for pain are thr__bing, pr_ckly, hot, stin__ng, bu__ing, aching, and d_ll.
Term
Some of the emotional terms for pain are torturing, annoying, frightful, and sickening.
Definition
Some of the emotional terms for pain are tor__ring, an___ing, frigh_ful, and sick__ing.
Term
Pain is Mother Nature's way of telling you that you have made a mistake.
Definition
P__n is Mother Nature's way of telling you that you have made a mi__ake.
Term
There is no single stimulus for pain like light for vision and airwaves for audition.
Definition
There is no single sti__lus for pain like l_ght for vision and airwaves for aud__ion.
Term
Pressure, temperature, electric shock, and chemical stimulation can all be painful.
Definition
Pre__ure, tem___ature, el___ric shock, and che__cal stimulation can all be painful.
Term
In vision there is constancy, a quarter always looks like a quarter. There is no constancy in pain... what hurts now may not hurt next time.
Definition
In vision there is cons__ncy, a quarter always looks l_ke a quarter. There is no constancy in p__n... what hurts now may not hurt next time.
Term
Adaptation of receptors is very important all of the senses except there is no adaptation in pain.
Definition
Ad____tion of receptors is very important all of the senses except there is no ada__ation in pain.
Term
Acute pain is quite different from chronic pain.
Definition
Ac_te pain is quite different from chr__ic pain.
Term
Why are drugs addictive when taken for pleasure and not addictive when taken for pain?
Definition
Why are dr_gs addictive when taken for ple__ure and not addic_ive when taken for pain?
Term
The most likely candidate for a nociceptor is the free nerve ending.
Definition
The most likely candidate for a noc___ptor is the free nerve ending.
Term
There are receptors for Capsaicin, the hot ingredient of chili peppers, that also respond to painful stimuli and heat.
Definition
There are receptors for Caps__cin, the hot ingredient of chili peppers, that also respond to painful sti__li and heat.
Term
If you inject morphine in the skin you will feel no pain but you will still feel pressure and temperature.
Definition
If you inject mor_hine in the skin you will feel no pa_n but you will still feel pres__re and temp___ture.
Term
O'Brien's experiment with the effect of morphine on pain thresholds is an excellent example of the problem of demand characteristics.
Definition
O'Br__n's experiment with the effect of mor__ine on pain thresholds is an excellent example of the problem of dem__d charact___stics.
Term
In addition to the placebo effect we also find a nocebo effect.
Definition
In addition to the placebo effect we also find a n____o effect.
Term
The gate-control theory proposes that cognitive factors influence pain perception.
Definition
The g_te-control theory proposes that cog___ive factors influence pain per___tion.
Term
Gate-control theory says that efferent neurons change the perception of pain.
Definition
G_te-con__ol theory says that efferent neurons ch_nge the perception of pain.
Term
The small C fibers are slow unmyelinated fibers and the large A-beta fibers are fast myelinated fibers.
Definition
The small C fibers are slow unmy____ated fibers and the large _-beta fibers are fast myelinated fib_rs.
Term
The small C fibers and the large A-beta fibers have opposite effects according to gate-control theory.
Definition
The small C fib_rs and the large A-beta f_bers have opp___te effects according to gate-con_rol theory.
Term
There are also A-delta fibers that are small myelinated fibers. It is thought that analgesics operate on the C fibers and the A-deltas.
Definition
There are also _-delta fibers that are small myel__ated fibers. It is thought that analg__ics operate on the C fibers and the A-delt_s.
Term
Endorphins (which stands for “Endogenous Morphone” btw) are substances in our bodies that have analgesic effects.
Definition
End___hins (which stands for “Endogenous Morphone” btw) are substances in our bodies that have ana__esic effects.
Term
Naloxone conteracts the effects of acupuncture.
Definition
Nal___ne conteracts the effects of acupuncture.
Term
People can manage pain better by watching others control their fear in potentially painful circumstances.
Definition
People can manage pain better by watching ot__rs control their f__r in potentially painful circu___ances.
Term
Stress-induced analgesia can occur when you are in a highly stressed and emotional situation, you get hurt but feel little pain.
Definition
St__ss-indu_ed anal__sia can occur when you are in a highly stressed and emotional situ_tion, you get hurt but feel little pa_n.
Term
Central nervous system plasticity seems to be important in understanding phantom pain.
Definition
Cent_al nervous system plas____ty seems to be important in understanding phant_m pain.
Term
The art of fire walking can be mastered by anyone.
Definition
The art of f_re wal__ng can be mastered by anyone.
Term
Both Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome may be examples of how the reaction of our ANS can be translated into pain.
Definition
Both Fibr___algia and Chr_nic Fat_gue Syndr_me may be examples of how the reaction of our ANS can be translated into pain.
Term
Motion sickness is generally a consequence of passive movement.
Definition
Mot_on sick__ss is generally a consequence of pas__ve movement.
Term
The sense of smell is called olfaction, which is not a very accurate name.
Definition
The sense of smell is called olf___ion, which is not a very accurate name.
Term
To smell is to find food and to communicate.
Definition
To sme_l is to find f_od and to comm_nicate.
Term
The adequate stimulus for smell must be volatile, water-soluble and lipid soluble.
Definition
The adequate stimulus for smell must be vol__ile, water-sol__le and lip_d soluble.
Term
The problems of stimulus presentation in olfaction can be solved by specialized delivery systems.
Definition
The problems of stimulus presentation in olfaction can be solved by spe___lized del_very systems.
Term
There are only seven basic elements that have an aroma.
Definition
There are only s___n basic elements that have an aroma.
Term
Our nasal cycle is 2-3 hours long and is controlled by the ANS.
Definition
Our nas_l cycle is _-3 hours long and is controlled by the A_S.
Term
The receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium have tiny hair like strands, cilia, protruding out of their surfaces.
Definition
The rece__or cells in the olfactory epi___lium have tiny hair like strands, cilia, protruding out of their surf_ces.
Term
The olfactory nerve that goes through the ethnoid bone is the only CNS nerve that reegenerates.
Definition
The olfactory nerve that goes through the ethn_id bone is the only CNS nerve that reeg___rates.
Term
The olfactory nerve that connects the olfactory receptor cells to the olfactory bulb is also called the first cranial nerve.
Definition
The olfactory nerve that connects the olfactory rec_ptor cells to the olfactory b_lb is also called the fi_st cran_al nerve.
Term
The olfactory nerve continues to the amygdal, the hippocampus, and the hypothalamus (the limbic system).
Definition
The olfactory nerve continues to the amy__al, the hip___ampus, and the hypot___amus (the lim_ic system).
Term
FNEs (free nerve endings) are called the “common chemical sense” and seem to respond to everything.
Definition
F_Es (free ne__e endings) are called the “common che__cal sense” and seem to respond to ever___ing.
Term
Olfactory receptors are quite capable of reacting to a number of different odors.
Definition
Olf__tory rece__ors are quite capable of reacting to a number of different od_rs.
Term
You can still smell with your nose closed, the molecules come up through your epiglottis.
Definition
You can still sm_ll with your nose closed, the mol__ules come up through your epigl__tis.
Term
The detection threshold is lower than the identification threshold.
Definition
The detection threshold is lo__r than the ident___cation threshold.
Term
Odors that smell alike do not have any significant similarity on which classification could be based.
Definition
Odors that smell al__e do not have any significant sim___rity on which clas__fication could be based.
Term
Hemming's smell prism has six types of odors.
Definition
Hem__ng's smell prism has s_x types of odors.
Term
In multidimensional scaling (MDS) you are asked to apply numbers to sensations and asked to compare one sensation to another.
Definition
In multidi___sional scaling (MD_) you are asked to apply numbers to sen___ions and asked to compare one sens__tion to another.
Term
After you have smelled lemonade your sensitivity to the odor of limeade will be reduced due to cross-adaptation.
Definition
After you have sme___d lemonade your sensitivity to the odor of limeade will be reduced due to cr__s-ada___tion.
Term
Deep sniffs do not increase the intensity of an aroma, we call this odor constancy.
Definition
Deep sniffs do not inc___se the intensity of an aroma, we call this odor cons__ncy.
Term
Anosmia refers to the loss of smell to all odors.
Definition
An___ia refers to the loss of smell to all odors.
Term
Butterflies smell through their feet and fish through their skins.
Definition
Butterflies smell through their f__t and fish through their sk__s.
Term
Blood hounds are not very good at identifying people by their odor.
Definition
Blood hounds are n_t very good at identifying people by their o__r.
Term
A pheromone is excreted in the urine and the sweat glands and appears to be important in animals for mate identification and selection.
Definition
A ph____one is excreted in the urine and the sweat glands and appears to be important in animals for mate identification and sel___ion.
Term
The vomeronasal system is a form of chemical communication.
Definition
The vome___asal system is a form of chemical communication.
Term
Deodorants have three different styles, cover up, prevent, and remove.
Definition
Deodorants have three different styles, cov_r up, pre_ent, and rem_ve.
Term
The odor added to natural gas is usually one that contains Mercaptan.
Definition
The odor added to nat_ral gas is usually one that contains Mer__ptan.
Term
Aroma can be quite important in medicine.
Definition
Ar__a can be quite important in medi_ine.
Term
One reason that odors are resistant to forgetting is their link with the emotions.
Definition
One reason that odors are resistant to forg__ting is their link with the emo__ons.
Term
Is multiple chemical sensitivity (MCAS) the cause of anxiety, depression and psychological disorders or the effect?
Definition
Is multiple chemical sensitivity (MCAS) the c__se of anxiety, depression and psychological disorders or the ef__ct?
Term
In 2004 a Nobel Prize was awarded to Richard Axel and Linda Buck for work on the smell sense, the last of the senses to be awarded a Nobel Prize.
Definition
In 2004 a Nobel Prize was awarded to Richard A_el and Li_da B_ck for work on the sm_ll sense, the last of the senses to be awarded a Nobel Prize.
Term
Both smell and taste are called the chemical senses because the receptors are sensitive to chemical stimulation.
Definition
Both sm__l and tas_e are called the che__cal senses because the receptors are sensitive to chemi_al stimul_tion.
Term
Taste stimuli (tastants) must be soluble in water and saliva. Metal is not soluble and has no taste.
Definition
Taste stimuli (tastants) must be sol_ble in wa__r and sal_va. Metal is not soluble and has no taste.
Term
It is difficult to define tastants in saliva because the chemicals in saliva are constantly changing.
Definition
It is difficult to define tast__ts in saliva because the che_icals in saliva are constantly ch_nging.
Term
Most researchers agree that there are 4 basic tastes (sweet, bitter, salt, and sour) and few other tastes.
Definition
Most researchers agree that there are _ basic tastes (sw__t, bitt_r, s_lt, and so_r) and few other tastes.
Term
The thresholds for the 4 basic tastes are quite different but the JNDs are all around 15-25%.
Definition
The thresholds for the 4 basic tastes are quite dif___ent but the JN_s are all around 15-2_%.
Term
As in smell the detection thresholds are lower than the identification strengths.
Definition
As in smell the det___ion thresholds are l_wer than the identif__ation strengths.
Term
Clusters of taste buds are called papillae, there can be from 1-100 buds in a papillae.
Definition
Clu__ers of taste buds are called pap__lae, there can be from 1-100 buds in a pap_llae.
Term
The neurons from the tongue can be found in the 7th, 9th, and 10th cranial nerves.
Definition
The neurons from the to__ue can be found in the 7th, _th, and 10th cranial nerv_s.
Term
The first cortical stop for taste is in the thalamus and then to the parietal lobe around the sensory area of the tongue.
Definition
The first cortical stop for taste is in the tha___us and then to the pari_tal l_be around the sensory area of the tongue.
Term
Taste hedonics is the judgment of taste substance pleasantness.
Definition
Ta_te hedo__cs is the judgment of taste substance pleasantness.
Term
With increasing concentration the artificial sweetener, saccharin, changes from sweet to bitter.
Definition
With increasing concen___tion the artificial sweetener, sacc__rin, changes from sweet to bitter.
Term
We are most sensitive to bitter and least sensitive to sweet.
Definition
We are most sensitive to bi__er and least sensitive to sw__t.
Term
Adaptation to caffeine (Bitter) produces a sweet taste from water.
Definition
Adapt_tion to caf__ine (Bitter) produces a sweet taste from water.
Term
We have taste suppression when we add sugar to suppress a bitter taste in coffee.
Definition
We have taste supp___sion when we add sugar to supp_ess a bitter taste in coffee.
Term
You have just eaten three pancakes with maple syrup. Your grapefruit now tastes very sour because of cross-enhancement.
Definition
You have just eaten three pancakes with maple syrup. Your grapefruit now tastes very s__r because of cross-enhancement.
Term
The cat and the chicken are indifferent to stimul that taste sweet to humans.
Definition
The cat and the ch_cken are indif__rent to stimul that taste sweet to humans.
Term
Anosmic (can't smell) subjects are good for taste experiments.
Definition
An__mic (can't smell) subjects are good for t__te experiments.
Term
In the human, taste preference for sweet has been demonstrated in 2-day-old infants.
Definition
In the human, taste preference for sw__t has been demonstrated in _-day-old infants.
Term
The newborn human infant shows a reliable salt preference at about 4 months.
Definition
The newborn human infant shows a reliable s_lt preference at about _ months.
Term
Taste experienced in a mother's milk seem to influence taste preferences in adult rats, sheep, pigs, and humans.
Definition
T_ste experienced in a m_ther's milk seem to influence taste preferences in ad_lt rats, sheep, pigs, and h_mans.
Term
Miracle fruit, which is tasteless, makes everything else taste sweet, even lemons for several hours.
Definition
Mir__le fruit, which is tasteless, makes everything else taste sw__t, even lemons for several h_urs.
Term
Capsaicin is a very powerful chemical stimulus.
Definition
Cap___cin is a very powerful chemical stim_lus.
Term
A conditioned taste aversion can be produced by a single taste of a poison.
Definition
A con__tioned taste avers_on can be produced by a single taste of a p__son.
Term
Wine tasters should really be called wine smellers.
Definition
W_ne tasters should really be called wine sme__ers.
Term
The chemical PROP distinguishes between non-tasters, tasters, and super-tasters. The proportion in the human race seems to be 25%-50%-25% respectively.
Definition
The chemical PROP distinguishes between n_n-tasters, tast_rs, and su__r-tasters. The proportion in the human race seems to be 2_%-5_%-_5% respectively.
Term
Linda Bartochuk uses a Labeled Magnitude Scale (LMS) to do research on different tasters.
Definition
L_nda Bart_ch_k uses a Lab_led Mag___ude Sc_le (LMS) to do research on different tast_rs.
Term
The LMS has a lower bound of no sensation and an upper bound of the strongest imaginable sensation of any kind.
Definition
The L_S has a lower bou_d of __ sensation and an up_er bound of the strongest imag__able sensation of any kind.
Term
Super-tasters tend to not like sweet or fat and tend to be thin. They also don't like bitter, some of which are cancer preventive.
Definition
S___r-tasters tend to not like sweet or f_t and tend to be t__n. They also don't like bi__er, some of which are canc_r preventive.
Term
Many fat replacements are available, they can be protein based, carbohydrate based and even fat based as long as they contain fewer calories.
Definition
Many f_t replacements are available, they can be pr__ein based, carbohyd__te based and even f_t based as long as they contain fewer ca___ies.
Term
Almost all medicines have an effect on taste.
Definition
Almost all medicines have an effect on t___e.
Term
A cataract is the clouding of the lens.
Definition
A ca____ct is the clouding of the lens.
Term
Cataracts develop in about 75% of people over 65.
Definition
Cata__cts develop in about 75% of people over 6_.
Term
Strabismus is when the two eyes are not aligned making binocular vision impossible.
Definition
Stra____us is when the two eyes are not aligned making binocular vision impossible.
Term
Amblyopia is the condition when the two eyes do not produce the same image and it is not correctable with artificial lenses.
Definition
Ambl__pia is the condition when the two eyes do not produce the same im_ge and it is not correctable with arti___ial lenses.
Term
A scotoma is an area of blindness in the visual field.
Definition
A sc___ma is an area of blindness in the visual field.
Term
Glaucoma is an increase in fluid pressure in the eye that will eventually result in blindness if not reduced.
Definition
Gl__c_ma is an increase in fluid pressure in the e_e that will eventually result in bl__dness if not reduc_d.
Term
The macula is the center of the retina where sensitivity is greatest, the fovea is a depression in the macula.
Definition
The ma__la is the center of the retina where sensitivity is greatest, the f_vea is a depression in the mac_la.
Term
Macular degeneration is loss of sensitivity in the macula area.
Definition
Macular degen__ation is loss of sen___ivity in the macula area.
Term
Retinitus pigmentosa is a retinal disease that causes a gradual loss of vision.
Definition
Reti___us pigm_nt_sa is a retinal disease that causes a gradual loss of vis_on.
Term
Diabetic retinopathy is damage to the retina as a result of diabetic blood vessels.
Definition
Di___tic retin__athy is damage to the retina as a result of diabetic bl_od vessels.
Term
What do corrective lenses do for a farsighted person?
Definition
What do corrective lenses do for a farsighted person? (just an instructor's comment)
Term
Astigmatism is an eye problem where the cornea is not perfectly round.
Definition
Ast____tism is an eye problem where the cornea is not perfectly round.
Term
Vernier acuity is measured by the ability to judge if one line is displaced relative to another line.
Definition
Ve___er acu__y is measured by the ability to judge if one line is displaced relative to another line.
Term
Landolt rings, parallel bars, and checkerboard patterns are used to measure resolution acuity.
Definition
Land_lt rings, par__lel bars, and checkerb___d patterns are used to measure reso_ution acuity.
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