Term
| Sine waves have amplitude, frequency and phase. Organisms hear loudness, pitch and timbre. |
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Definition
| Sine waves have amp______, fr______cy and ph__e. Organisms hear l_____s, pitch and ti_____re. |
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Term
| The usual unit for amplitude is decibels. |
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Definition
| The usual unit for amplitude is d_____s. |
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Term
| A logarithmic transformation is used to express the amplitude of sound in decibels. |
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Definition
| A l________ transformation is used to express the am_______ude of sound in decibels. |
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Term
| The usual unit for frequency is Hertz. |
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Definition
| The usual unit for frequency is H____z. |
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Term
| If two 1000 Hz pure tones of equal amplitude are 180 degrees out of phase you will hear nothing. |
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Definition
| If two 1000 Hz pure tones of equal amplitude are 180 degrees out of phase you will hear what?. |
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Term
| A pure tone consists of a single frequency while harmonics consist of multiples of that frequency. |
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Definition
| A pure tone consists of a s____efrequency while h____cs consist of multiples of that frequency. |
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Term
| The lowest frequency of a complex sound wave is called the fundamental. If you remove all of the harmonics you will have left the fundamental. |
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Definition
| The lowest frequency of a complex sound wave is called the fun_______al. If you remove all of the harmonics you will have left the fundamental. |
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Term
| The outer ear contains the pinna and the auditory canal and ends at the eardrum. The middle ear contains the ossicles. The inner ear is the cochlea. |
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Definition
| The outer ear contains the p____a and the auditory c_____l and ends at the eardrum. The middle ear contains the os____s. The inner ear is the coch___a. |
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Term
| The pinna and the auditory canal help amplify and localize sounds. |
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Definition
| The pinna and the auditory canal help amp_____ and lo_____ze sounds. |
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Term
| If the eardrum were to lose its flexibility it would no longer vibrate to the pressure of sound waves. |
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Definition
| If the eardrum were to lose its fl_____y it would no longer vibrate to the pressure of s______d w_____s. |
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Term
| The ossicles consist of the malleus, (hammer), incus, (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup). |
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Definition
| The ossicles consist of the m_____, (hammer), incus, (an__l), and the st____s(stirrup). |
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Term
| The acoustic reflex refers to the action of the muscles of the ossicles when subjected to intense sounds. |
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Definition
| The ac_____c re____x refers to the action of the muscles of the ossicles when subjected to intense sounds. |
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Term
| The vestibular organ is responsible for your body's sense of balance. |
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Definition
| The v_____r o____n is responsible for your body's sense of balance. |
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Term
| The change in sound wave medium from mechanical to fluid takes place at the oval window. |
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Definition
| The change in sound wave medium from mechanical to fl__d takes place at the o___ w____w. |
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Term
| The cochlea is divided lengthwise by the basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane. |
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Definition
| The cochlea is divided lengthwise by the b____r membrane and the tec_____al membrane. |
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Term
| There are 3-4 times as many outer hair cells as there are inner hair cells. |
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Definition
| There are 3-4 times as many o___r hair cells as there are i___r hair cells. |
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Term
| Two tone suppression suggest that the neurons to the outer hair cells are mostly efferent (from the CNS -out- to them) |
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Definition
| T__ tone sup_____n suggest that the neurons to the outer hair cells are mostly efferent (from the CNS -out- to them) |
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Term
| The temporal theory compares the basilar membrane to a telephone diaphragm. |
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Definition
| The t______l theory compares the basilar membrane to a telephone diaphragm. |
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Term
| According to temporal theory the entire basilar membrane responds to the movement of the stapes. |
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Definition
| According to temporal theory the entire basilar membrane r_____s to the movement of the st___s. |
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Term
| The volley theory answered one of the temporal theory's problems. |
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Definition
| The v____y theory answered one of the temporal theory's problems. |
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Term
| The place theory says that different frequencies move different parts of the basilar membrane. |
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Definition
| The p____e theory says that different frequencies move different parts of the basilar membrane. |
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Term
| Helmholtz thought that the basilar membrane was similar to the layout of a piano's strings. |
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Definition
| Helmholtz thought that the basilar membrane was similar to the layout of a p_____'s st____gs. |
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Term
| Von Bekesy's demonstration of the traveling wave showed that both theories were partially correct and partially incorrect. |
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Definition
| Von Bekesy's demonstration of the tr_____ng wave showed that both theories were partially correct and partially incorrect. |
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Term
| The shape formed by a traveling wave is called its envelope. |
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Definition
| The shape formed by a traveling wave is called its e______e. |
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Term
| Auditory nerve fibers have characteristic frequencies. |
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Definition
| Auditory nerve fibers have ch________tic frequencies. |
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Term
| A tonotopic map shows us that frequencies are spatially organized in the cortex similar to the organization on the basilar membrane. |
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Definition
| A t______cmap shows us that frequencies are spatially organized in the cortex similar to the organization on the basilar m____ne. |
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Term
| After the cochlear nucleus the auditory nerve splits and travels to the primary auditory areas on both sides of the brain. |
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Definition
| After the co______ar nu____us the auditory nerve splits and travels to the primary au_____ry areas on both sides of the brain. |
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Term
| Broca's area is in the left frontal lobe and directs the muscles involved in speech. |
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Definition
| Br____'s area is in the left frontal lobe and directs the muscles involved in sp____h. |
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Term
| Wernicke's area is in the left frontal lobe and is involved in language comprehension. |
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Definition
| W_______'s area is in the left frontal lobe and is involved in la______ge comprehension. |
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Term
| Frequency sweep detectors and complex cells are found in the cortex that responds to the jingle of keys or to the sound of paper being torn.. |
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Definition
| Fre_____cy sweep detec___rs and complex cells are found in the cortex that responds to the j______e of keys or to the sound of paper being torn. |
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Term
| There is some evidence that hair cell regeneration may be possible. |
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Definition
| There is some evidence that hair cell re_________on may be possible. |
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Term
| Psychoacoustics is the study of the perception of sound. |
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Definition
| Ps__________ics is the study of the perception of sound. |
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Term
| Loudness is the psychological reaction to the amplitude of a sound wave. |
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Definition
| L______s is the psychological reaction to the amplitude of a sound wave. |
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Term
| One sone is equal to 40 db at 1000 Hz. |
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Definition
| One s___e is equal to 40 db at 1000 Hz. |
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Term
| Pitch is the psychological reaction to the frequency of a sound. |
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Definition
| P____h is the psychological reaction to the frequency of a sound. |
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Term
| The Mel scale is used to measure pitch. |
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Definition
| The M_l scale is used to measure pitch. |
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Term
| Equal loudness contours shows how different frequencies require different intensities to be equally loud. |
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Definition
| Equal loudness contours shows how d_______t frequencies require different in______es to be equally loud. |
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Term
| Timbre is the sensation that two tones sound different even though they are of equal loudness and pitch. |
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Definition
| T____re is the sensation that two tones sound different even though they are of equal l____ess and pi__h. |
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Term
| A combination of two or more notes that people judge pleasant is called consonance. |
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Definition
| A combination of two or more notes that people judge pleasant is called c______e. |
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Term
| The missing fundamental is heard even though it is not there. |
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Definition
| The missing f______l is heard even though it is not there. |
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Term
| Place theory and frequency theory may both apply, frequency theory works for lower frequencies and place theory works for high ones. |
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Definition
| Pl__e theory and fr____cy theory may both apply, frequency theory works for l___r frequencies and place theory works for h__h ones. |
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Term
| Both theories(place and frequency)have difficulty with the case of the missing fundamental. |
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Definition
| Both theories (place and frequency) have difficulty with the case of the m_____g f________l. |
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Term
| You can demonstrate the precedent effect by using two speakers. |
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Definition
| You can demonstrate the pre_____nt effect by using two speakers. |
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Term
| The precedent effect is quite useful in testing malingerers. |
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Definition
| The precedent effect is quite useful in testing m________s. |
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Term
| Masking is the effect of one sound on another above threshold |
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Definition
| M_______g is the effect of one sound on another above threshold |
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Term
| We can have backwards, forwards, and simultaneous masking. |
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Definition
| We can have b______s, for_____ds, and sim_____eous masking. |
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Term
| Critical bands are determined by presenting two tones below threshold of slightly different pitch. |
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Definition
| C_____l bands are determined by presenting two tones below threshold of slightly different p_____h. |
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Term
| Localization depends mostly on binaural cues. |
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Definition
| L_________n depends mostly on binaural cues. |
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Term
| Azimuth and elevation are important dimensions for sound localization. |
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Definition
| Az____th and el_______n are important dimensions for sound localization. |
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Term
| Interaural Time Difference, (ITD), is the difference in the time of arrival of a sound wave at the two ears. |
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Definition
| I________l T__e D_______nce, (ITD), is the difference in the time of arrival of a sound wave at the two ears. |
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Term
| Interaural Level Difference, (ILD), is the difference in SPL arriving at the two ears. |
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Definition
| I_______l L_____l Dif_____ce, (ILD), is the difference in SPL arriving at the two ears. |
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Term
| The cone of confusion is a set of points in space that have the same ILD or ITD. |
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Definition
| The c__e of con_____ion is a set of points in space that have the same ILD or ITD. |
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Term
| If the sound is coming from the right, your left ear will be in the shadow of your head. |
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Definition
| If the sound is coming from the right, your left ear will be in the s_____w of your head. |
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Term
| The psuedophone puts sounds from the left of your head into your right ear and from the right into your left ear. |
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Definition
| The p______ne puts sounds from the left of your head into your right ear and from the right into your left ear. |
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Term
| Auditory illusions seem to obey many of the Gestalt laws. |
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Definition
| Auditory illusions seem to obey many of the G______lt laws. |
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Term
| A temporary threshold shift is a temporary decrease in hearing sensitivity caused by exposure to noise. |
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Definition
| A t_______y th____ld shift is a temporary decrease in hearing sensitivity caused by exposure to n___e. |
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Term
| Hearing loss is second only to back pain as the most common disability in the USA. |
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Definition
| H______g l__s is second only to back pain as the most common disability in the USA. |
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Term
| Conduction loss is up to the oval window, after the window we have sensory loss (different naming conventions for the kinds of loss). |
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Definition
| C________n loss is up to the oval window, after the window we have s______y loss (different naming conventions for the kinds of loss). |
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|
Term
| Tonal gap is a narrow range of frequencies, which are inaudible. |
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Definition
| T____l g_p is a narrow range of frequencies, which are inaudible. |
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|
Term
| Otosclerosis is a disorder of the middle ear due to lack of ability to move the stirrup. |
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Definition
| Ot_______sis is a disorder of the middle ear due to lack of ability to move the stirrup. |
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|
Term
| Presbyopia is to vision as prebyacusis is to audition. |
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Definition
| Presb_____ia is to vision as pr___yacusis is to audition. |
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|
Term
| A shift in frequency of a moving sound that provides a cue to its distance is called a Doppler shift. |
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Definition
| A shift in frequency of a moving sound that provides a cue to its distance is called a D_____r s____t. |
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|
Term
| The sound /t/ is a unit of speech called a phoneme. |
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Definition
| The sound /t/ is a unit of speech called a p_____e. |
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|
Term
| The word “cats” has two morphemes. |
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Definition
| The word “cats” has two m______s. |
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|
Term
| The three components of articulation are Place, Manner, and Voicing. |
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Definition
| The three components of articulation are Pl___e, M___er, and Vo__ing. |
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|
Term
| The articulators are teeth, tongue, lips, and palates |
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Definition
| The articulators are t__th, to___ue, l_ps, and p___tes |
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|
Term
| Place of articulation is where the tongue is. |
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Definition
| Place of ar_______n is where the tongue is. |
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|
Term
| Manner of articulation refers to air flow. |
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Definition
| Manner of articulation refers to a_r f__w. |
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|
Term
| Voicing is vibration of the vocal cords. |
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Definition
| V_____ng is vibration of the vocal cords. |
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|
Term
| Formats are important features of sound spectrograms. |
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Definition
| For__ts are important features of sound spec___grams. |
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|
Term
| There are at least four formats but only the first two are important for speech. |
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Definition
| There are at least f__r formats but only the first two are impo___nt for speech. |
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|
Term
| The frequencies important for the perception of consonants are 500-8000 Hz. |
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Definition
| The frequencies important for the perception of c______ts are 500-8000 Hz. |
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|
Term
| The frequencies that produce vowel sounds are 300-3000 Hz. |
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Definition
| The frequencies that produce v___l sounds are 300-3000 Hz. |
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|
Term
| Voice-onset time (VOT) refers to the time between air release and vocal cord vibration. |
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Definition
| Vo__e-on__t time (VOT) refers to the time between air release and vocal cord vib____on. |
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Term
| The sound of /ba/ will change to the sound of /pa/ when you cross over the phonetic boundary. |
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Definition
| The sound of /ba/ will change to the sound of /pa/ when you cross over the ph_____c boun___y. |
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|
Term
| Categorical perception can be shown in animals as well as humans. |
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Definition
| Cate_____al per______n can be shown in animals as well as humans. |
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Term
| When you cut a phoneme out of a recorded sentence and replace it with a cough, people will report the sentence as intact. |
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Definition
| When you c_t a pho__me out of a recorded sentence and replace it with a cough, people will report the sentence as i____t. |
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|
Term
| The auditory phenomenon of phonemic restoration is similar to the visual phenomenon of illusory contours. |
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Definition
| The auditory phenomenon of ph____ic r_____n is similar to the visual phenomenon of illusory contours. |
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|
Term
| The McGurk effect can be summarized by “what you see affects what you hear” |
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Definition
| The m____k ef__ct can be summarized by “what you see affects what you hear” |
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|
Term
| Chromesthesia refers to the fact that certain tones can produce a vivid color sensation. |
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Definition
| Chro______sia refers to the fact that certain tones can produce a vivid color sensation. |
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|
Term
| Most hallucinations are auditory. |
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Definition
| Most hallucinations are a______y. |
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|
Term
| Malingerers can be detected with delayed auditory feedback. |
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Definition
| Mal_____rs can be detected with de____ed auditory feedback. |
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|
Term
| Echoic memory lasts for about 2 sec. Iconic memory lasts for about 250 msec. |
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Definition
| Ec___c memory lasts for about 2 sec. Ic___c memory lasts for about 250 msec. |
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|
Term
| The main reason your voice sounds different on a tape to you but not to others is bone conduction. |
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Definition
| The main reason your voice sounds different on a tape to you but not to others is b__e co______on. |
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|
Term
| The doctrine of specific nerve energies states that different sensory nerves have their own characteristic types of activity. |
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Definition
| The do___rine of spec__ic nerve ene__ies states that different sensory ne__es have their own chara___ristic types of activity. |
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|
Term
| The skin is quite useful, it is water resistant, self-repairing, and changes size as you grow. |
|
Definition
| The s__n is quite useful, it is water resi___nt, self-repairing, and changes s__e as you grow. |
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|
Term
| The sensations resulting from cutaneous stimulation are pressure (mechanoreceptors), temperature, and pain. |
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Definition
| The sensations resulting from cutaneous stimulation are pre___re (mechanoreceptors), temp____ure, and p_in. |
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|
Term
| Harry Harlow'w experiments with cloth and wire surrogate mothers for monkeys demonstrates the importance of body contact for development. |
|
Definition
| Harry Ha___w'w experiments with cloth and wire sur___ate mothers for monkeys demonstrates the importance of body co__act for development. |
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|
Term
| The importance of touch and body contact can be shown by weight gains in premies and rat pups. |
|
Definition
| The importance of to_ch and body co___ct can be shown by weight gains in pr___es and rat pups. |
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|
Term
| It is possible that touch is the only unlearned stimulus for sexual responses. |
|
Definition
| It is possible that touch is the only unle__ned stimulus for s____l resp___es. |
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|
Term
| The Palmar Reflex can be observed by touching the palm of a neonate. |
|
Definition
| The Pa__ar Reflex can be observed by touching the p__m of a neon_te. |
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|
Term
| Anton Mesmer claimed that his touch could magnetize objects and people. |
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Definition
| An__n Mesmer claimed that his touch could mag__tize objects and pe_ple. |
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|
Term
| Nerve fibers that respond only to the onset (or offset) of pressure stimulation are called rapidly adapting (RA) fibers. |
|
Definition
| Ne_ve fibers that respond only to the onset (or of__et) of pressure stimulation are called ra___ly ada__ing (RA) fibers. |
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|
Term
| Nerve fibers that respond as long as pressure stimulation is present are called slowly adapting (SA) fibers. |
|
Definition
| Nerve fibers that respond as long as pressure stimulation is present are called sl___ly ad___ing (SA) fibers. |
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|
Term
| Both RA and SA fibers can be either punctate or diffuse. |
|
Definition
| Both RA and SA fibers can be either pu___ate or dif__se. |
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|
Term
| Punctate fibers have small and well-defined receptive fields. Diffuse fibers have large and ill-defined receptive fields. |
|
Definition
| Pu___ate fibers have small and well-defined rec___ive fields. Dif__se fibers have large and ill-defined receptive fields. |
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|
Term
| Pacinian corpuscles and rapidly adapting (RA) fibers respond to changes in stimulation but stop responding to continuous pressure. |
|
Definition
| Pacin_an corpuscles and rapidly adapting (RA) fibers respond to changes in sti___ation but stop responding to con____ous pressure. |
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|
Term
| Both the Pacinian corpuscles and the Meissner corpuscles are encapsulated to touch receptors. |
|
Definition
| Both the Pacinian corpuscles and the Me___ner corpuscles are encapsulated to to_ch receptors. |
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|
Term
| The Pacinian and the Ruffini corpuscles are both deep (as in deep in your skin) receptors. The Ruffinis have SA fibers. |
|
Definition
| The Paci__an and the Ruffini corpuscles are both d__p (as in d__p in your skin) receptors. The Ruf__nis have SA fibers. |
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|
Term
| Merkel disc and slowly adapting fibers (SA) respond relatively continuous to continuous pressure on receptors. |
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Definition
| Me__el disc and s___ly adapting fibers (SA) respond relatively con___uous to conti___us pressure on receptors. |
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|
Term
| The most common skin receptors are free nerve endings. |
|
Definition
| The most common skin receptors are f__e ne__e endings. |
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|
Term
| The major nerve endings for hairy skin regions are called basket cells, most are FNEs ("free nerve endings") |
|
Definition
| The major nerve endings for hairy skin regions are called ba___t cells, most are F_Es |
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|
Term
| Glabrous skin refers to hairless skin. |
|
Definition
| Gla____s skin refers to hairless skin. |
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|
Term
| A specific area on the skin that affects the firing of a single neuron in the sensory cortex is called a receptive field. |
|
Definition
| A specific area on the skin that affects the firing of a single neuron in the sensory cortex is called a rec____ve fi__d. |
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|
Term
| The two-point discrimination test shows different thresholds for a different areas of the body. |
|
Definition
| The t_o-point discr____ation test shows different thresholds for a different ar__s of the body. |
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|
Term
| The topographical representation of the skin in the sensory cortex is shown as a sensory homunculus. |
|
Definition
| The topog___hical representation of the skin in the sensory cortex is shown as a se___ry hom___ulus. |
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|
Term
| Both touch and kinesthesia provide information to the haptic system. |
|
Definition
| Both to__h and kine____sia provide information to the ha_tic system. |
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|
Term
| Kinesthesia is information from receptors in the muscles, proprioception is the ability to tell where the limbs are from this information. |
|
Definition
| Kin____esia is information from receptors in the muscles, prop_____ption is the ability to tell where the limbs are from this information. |
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|
Term
| At the age of 16 Louis Braille invented the system of raised letters that bears his name today. |
|
Definition
| At the age of 16 Lo__s Bra___e invented the system of raised let__rs that bears his name today. |
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|
Term
| “Paradoxical cold” refers to the phenomenon where a hot stimulus produces a cold sensation. |
|
Definition
| “Par____ical c_ld” refers to the phenomenon where a h_t stimulus produces a cold sensation. |
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|
Term
| When temperature changes quickly we are more likely to notice the change than if the change is gradual. |
|
Definition
| When temperature changes qu___ly we are more likely to notice the change than if the change is gr___al. |
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|
Term
| Some of the sensory terms for pain are throbbing, prickly, hot, stinging, burning, aching, and dull. |
|
Definition
| Some of the sensory terms for pain are thr__bing, pr_ckly, hot, stin__ng, bu__ing, aching, and d_ll. |
|
|
Term
| Some of the emotional terms for pain are torturing, annoying, frightful, and sickening. |
|
Definition
| Some of the emotional terms for pain are tor__ring, an___ing, frigh_ful, and sick__ing. |
|
|
Term
| Pain is Mother Nature's way of telling you that you have made a mistake. |
|
Definition
| P__n is Mother Nature's way of telling you that you have made a mi__ake. |
|
|
Term
| There is no single stimulus for pain like light for vision and airwaves for audition. |
|
Definition
| There is no single sti__lus for pain like l_ght for vision and airwaves for aud__ion. |
|
|
Term
| Pressure, temperature, electric shock, and chemical stimulation can all be painful. |
|
Definition
| Pre__ure, tem___ature, el___ric shock, and che__cal stimulation can all be painful. |
|
|
Term
| In vision there is constancy, a quarter always looks like a quarter. There is no constancy in pain... what hurts now may not hurt next time. |
|
Definition
| In vision there is cons__ncy, a quarter always looks l_ke a quarter. There is no constancy in p__n... what hurts now may not hurt next time. |
|
|
Term
| Adaptation of receptors is very important all of the senses except there is no adaptation in pain. |
|
Definition
| Ad____tion of receptors is very important all of the senses except there is no ada__ation in pain. |
|
|
Term
| Acute pain is quite different from chronic pain. |
|
Definition
| Ac_te pain is quite different from chr__ic pain. |
|
|
Term
| Why are drugs addictive when taken for pleasure and not addictive when taken for pain? |
|
Definition
| Why are dr_gs addictive when taken for ple__ure and not addic_ive when taken for pain? |
|
|
Term
| The most likely candidate for a nociceptor is the free nerve ending. |
|
Definition
| The most likely candidate for a noc___ptor is the free nerve ending. |
|
|
Term
| There are receptors for Capsaicin, the hot ingredient of chili peppers, that also respond to painful stimuli and heat. |
|
Definition
| There are receptors for Caps__cin, the hot ingredient of chili peppers, that also respond to painful sti__li and heat. |
|
|
Term
| If you inject morphine in the skin you will feel no pain but you will still feel pressure and temperature. |
|
Definition
| If you inject mor_hine in the skin you will feel no pa_n but you will still feel pres__re and temp___ture. |
|
|
Term
| O'Brien's experiment with the effect of morphine on pain thresholds is an excellent example of the problem of demand characteristics. |
|
Definition
| O'Br__n's experiment with the effect of mor__ine on pain thresholds is an excellent example of the problem of dem__d charact___stics. |
|
|
Term
| In addition to the placebo effect we also find a nocebo effect. |
|
Definition
| In addition to the placebo effect we also find a n____o effect. |
|
|
Term
| The gate-control theory proposes that cognitive factors influence pain perception. |
|
Definition
| The g_te-control theory proposes that cog___ive factors influence pain per___tion. |
|
|
Term
| Gate-control theory says that efferent neurons change the perception of pain. |
|
Definition
| G_te-con__ol theory says that efferent neurons ch_nge the perception of pain. |
|
|
Term
| The small C fibers are slow unmyelinated fibers and the large A-beta fibers are fast myelinated fibers. |
|
Definition
| The small C fibers are slow unmy____ated fibers and the large _-beta fibers are fast myelinated fib_rs. |
|
|
Term
| The small C fibers and the large A-beta fibers have opposite effects according to gate-control theory. |
|
Definition
| The small C fib_rs and the large A-beta f_bers have opp___te effects according to gate-con_rol theory. |
|
|
Term
| There are also A-delta fibers that are small myelinated fibers. It is thought that analgesics operate on the C fibers and the A-deltas. |
|
Definition
| There are also _-delta fibers that are small myel__ated fibers. It is thought that analg__ics operate on the C fibers and the A-delt_s. |
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Term
| Endorphins (which stands for “Endogenous Morphone” btw) are substances in our bodies that have analgesic effects. |
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Definition
| End___hins (which stands for “Endogenous Morphone” btw) are substances in our bodies that have ana__esic effects. |
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Term
| Naloxone conteracts the effects of acupuncture. |
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Definition
| Nal___ne conteracts the effects of acupuncture. |
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Term
| People can manage pain better by watching others control their fear in potentially painful circumstances. |
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Definition
| People can manage pain better by watching ot__rs control their f__r in potentially painful circu___ances. |
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Term
| Stress-induced analgesia can occur when you are in a highly stressed and emotional situation, you get hurt but feel little pain. |
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Definition
| St__ss-indu_ed anal__sia can occur when you are in a highly stressed and emotional situ_tion, you get hurt but feel little pa_n. |
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Term
| Central nervous system plasticity seems to be important in understanding phantom pain. |
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Definition
| Cent_al nervous system plas____ty seems to be important in understanding phant_m pain. |
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Term
| The art of fire walking can be mastered by anyone. |
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Definition
| The art of f_re wal__ng can be mastered by anyone. |
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Term
| Both Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome may be examples of how the reaction of our ANS can be translated into pain. |
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Definition
| Both Fibr___algia and Chr_nic Fat_gue Syndr_me may be examples of how the reaction of our ANS can be translated into pain. |
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Term
| Motion sickness is generally a consequence of passive movement. |
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Definition
| Mot_on sick__ss is generally a consequence of pas__ve movement. |
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Term
| The sense of smell is called olfaction, which is not a very accurate name. |
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Definition
| The sense of smell is called olf___ion, which is not a very accurate name. |
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Term
| To smell is to find food and to communicate. |
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Definition
| To sme_l is to find f_od and to comm_nicate. |
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Term
| The adequate stimulus for smell must be volatile, water-soluble and lipid soluble. |
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Definition
| The adequate stimulus for smell must be vol__ile, water-sol__le and lip_d soluble. |
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Term
| The problems of stimulus presentation in olfaction can be solved by specialized delivery systems. |
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Definition
| The problems of stimulus presentation in olfaction can be solved by spe___lized del_very systems. |
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Term
| There are only seven basic elements that have an aroma. |
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Definition
| There are only s___n basic elements that have an aroma. |
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Term
| Our nasal cycle is 2-3 hours long and is controlled by the ANS. |
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Definition
| Our nas_l cycle is _-3 hours long and is controlled by the A_S. |
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Term
| The receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium have tiny hair like strands, cilia, protruding out of their surfaces. |
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Definition
| The rece__or cells in the olfactory epi___lium have tiny hair like strands, cilia, protruding out of their surf_ces. |
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Term
| The olfactory nerve that goes through the ethnoid bone is the only CNS nerve that reegenerates. |
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Definition
| The olfactory nerve that goes through the ethn_id bone is the only CNS nerve that reeg___rates. |
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Term
| The olfactory nerve that connects the olfactory receptor cells to the olfactory bulb is also called the first cranial nerve. |
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Definition
| The olfactory nerve that connects the olfactory rec_ptor cells to the olfactory b_lb is also called the fi_st cran_al nerve. |
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Term
| The olfactory nerve continues to the amygdal, the hippocampus, and the hypothalamus (the limbic system). |
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Definition
| The olfactory nerve continues to the amy__al, the hip___ampus, and the hypot___amus (the lim_ic system). |
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Term
| FNEs (free nerve endings) are called the “common chemical sense” and seem to respond to everything. |
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Definition
| F_Es (free ne__e endings) are called the “common che__cal sense” and seem to respond to ever___ing. |
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Term
| Olfactory receptors are quite capable of reacting to a number of different odors. |
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Definition
| Olf__tory rece__ors are quite capable of reacting to a number of different od_rs. |
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Term
| You can still smell with your nose closed, the molecules come up through your epiglottis. |
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Definition
| You can still sm_ll with your nose closed, the mol__ules come up through your epigl__tis. |
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Term
| The detection threshold is lower than the identification threshold. |
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Definition
| The detection threshold is lo__r than the ident___cation threshold. |
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Term
| Odors that smell alike do not have any significant similarity on which classification could be based. |
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Definition
| Odors that smell al__e do not have any significant sim___rity on which clas__fication could be based. |
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Term
| Hemming's smell prism has six types of odors. |
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Definition
| Hem__ng's smell prism has s_x types of odors. |
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Term
| In multidimensional scaling (MDS) you are asked to apply numbers to sensations and asked to compare one sensation to another. |
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Definition
| In multidi___sional scaling (MD_) you are asked to apply numbers to sen___ions and asked to compare one sens__tion to another. |
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Term
| After you have smelled lemonade your sensitivity to the odor of limeade will be reduced due to cross-adaptation. |
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Definition
| After you have sme___d lemonade your sensitivity to the odor of limeade will be reduced due to cr__s-ada___tion. |
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Term
| Deep sniffs do not increase the intensity of an aroma, we call this odor constancy. |
|
Definition
| Deep sniffs do not inc___se the intensity of an aroma, we call this odor cons__ncy. |
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Term
| Anosmia refers to the loss of smell to all odors. |
|
Definition
| An___ia refers to the loss of smell to all odors. |
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Term
| Butterflies smell through their feet and fish through their skins. |
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Definition
| Butterflies smell through their f__t and fish through their sk__s. |
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Term
| Blood hounds are not very good at identifying people by their odor. |
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Definition
| Blood hounds are n_t very good at identifying people by their o__r. |
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Term
| A pheromone is excreted in the urine and the sweat glands and appears to be important in animals for mate identification and selection. |
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Definition
| A ph____one is excreted in the urine and the sweat glands and appears to be important in animals for mate identification and sel___ion. |
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Term
| The vomeronasal system is a form of chemical communication. |
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Definition
| The vome___asal system is a form of chemical communication. |
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Term
| Deodorants have three different styles, cover up, prevent, and remove. |
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Definition
| Deodorants have three different styles, cov_r up, pre_ent, and rem_ve. |
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Term
| The odor added to natural gas is usually one that contains Mercaptan. |
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Definition
| The odor added to nat_ral gas is usually one that contains Mer__ptan. |
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Term
| Aroma can be quite important in medicine. |
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Definition
| Ar__a can be quite important in medi_ine. |
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|
Term
| One reason that odors are resistant to forgetting is their link with the emotions. |
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Definition
| One reason that odors are resistant to forg__ting is their link with the emo__ons. |
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Term
| Is multiple chemical sensitivity (MCAS) the cause of anxiety, depression and psychological disorders or the effect? |
|
Definition
| Is multiple chemical sensitivity (MCAS) the c__se of anxiety, depression and psychological disorders or the ef__ct? |
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Term
| In 2004 a Nobel Prize was awarded to Richard Axel and Linda Buck for work on the smell sense, the last of the senses to be awarded a Nobel Prize. |
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Definition
| In 2004 a Nobel Prize was awarded to Richard A_el and Li_da B_ck for work on the sm_ll sense, the last of the senses to be awarded a Nobel Prize. |
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Term
| Both smell and taste are called the chemical senses because the receptors are sensitive to chemical stimulation. |
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Definition
| Both sm__l and tas_e are called the che__cal senses because the receptors are sensitive to chemi_al stimul_tion. |
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Term
| Taste stimuli (tastants) must be soluble in water and saliva. Metal is not soluble and has no taste. |
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Definition
| Taste stimuli (tastants) must be sol_ble in wa__r and sal_va. Metal is not soluble and has no taste. |
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Term
| It is difficult to define tastants in saliva because the chemicals in saliva are constantly changing. |
|
Definition
| It is difficult to define tast__ts in saliva because the che_icals in saliva are constantly ch_nging. |
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Term
| Most researchers agree that there are 4 basic tastes (sweet, bitter, salt, and sour) and few other tastes. |
|
Definition
| Most researchers agree that there are _ basic tastes (sw__t, bitt_r, s_lt, and so_r) and few other tastes. |
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Term
| The thresholds for the 4 basic tastes are quite different but the JNDs are all around 15-25%. |
|
Definition
| The thresholds for the 4 basic tastes are quite dif___ent but the JN_s are all around 15-2_%. |
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|
Term
| As in smell the detection thresholds are lower than the identification strengths. |
|
Definition
| As in smell the det___ion thresholds are l_wer than the identif__ation strengths. |
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|
Term
| Clusters of taste buds are called papillae, there can be from 1-100 buds in a papillae. |
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Definition
| Clu__ers of taste buds are called pap__lae, there can be from 1-100 buds in a pap_llae. |
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Term
| The neurons from the tongue can be found in the 7th, 9th, and 10th cranial nerves. |
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Definition
| The neurons from the to__ue can be found in the 7th, _th, and 10th cranial nerv_s. |
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Term
| The first cortical stop for taste is in the thalamus and then to the parietal lobe around the sensory area of the tongue. |
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Definition
| The first cortical stop for taste is in the tha___us and then to the pari_tal l_be around the sensory area of the tongue. |
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Term
| Taste hedonics is the judgment of taste substance pleasantness. |
|
Definition
| Ta_te hedo__cs is the judgment of taste substance pleasantness. |
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Term
| With increasing concentration the artificial sweetener, saccharin, changes from sweet to bitter. |
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Definition
| With increasing concen___tion the artificial sweetener, sacc__rin, changes from sweet to bitter. |
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|
Term
| We are most sensitive to bitter and least sensitive to sweet. |
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Definition
| We are most sensitive to bi__er and least sensitive to sw__t. |
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Term
| Adaptation to caffeine (Bitter) produces a sweet taste from water. |
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Definition
| Adapt_tion to caf__ine (Bitter) produces a sweet taste from water. |
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Term
| We have taste suppression when we add sugar to suppress a bitter taste in coffee. |
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Definition
| We have taste supp___sion when we add sugar to supp_ess a bitter taste in coffee. |
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Term
| You have just eaten three pancakes with maple syrup. Your grapefruit now tastes very sour because of cross-enhancement. |
|
Definition
| You have just eaten three pancakes with maple syrup. Your grapefruit now tastes very s__r because of cross-enhancement. |
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|
Term
| The cat and the chicken are indifferent to stimul that taste sweet to humans. |
|
Definition
| The cat and the ch_cken are indif__rent to stimul that taste sweet to humans. |
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|
Term
| Anosmic (can't smell) subjects are good for taste experiments. |
|
Definition
| An__mic (can't smell) subjects are good for t__te experiments. |
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|
Term
| In the human, taste preference for sweet has been demonstrated in 2-day-old infants. |
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Definition
| In the human, taste preference for sw__t has been demonstrated in _-day-old infants. |
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|
Term
| The newborn human infant shows a reliable salt preference at about 4 months. |
|
Definition
| The newborn human infant shows a reliable s_lt preference at about _ months. |
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Term
| Taste experienced in a mother's milk seem to influence taste preferences in adult rats, sheep, pigs, and humans. |
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Definition
| T_ste experienced in a m_ther's milk seem to influence taste preferences in ad_lt rats, sheep, pigs, and h_mans. |
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|
Term
| Miracle fruit, which is tasteless, makes everything else taste sweet, even lemons for several hours. |
|
Definition
| Mir__le fruit, which is tasteless, makes everything else taste sw__t, even lemons for several h_urs. |
|
|
Term
| Capsaicin is a very powerful chemical stimulus. |
|
Definition
| Cap___cin is a very powerful chemical stim_lus. |
|
|
Term
| A conditioned taste aversion can be produced by a single taste of a poison. |
|
Definition
| A con__tioned taste avers_on can be produced by a single taste of a p__son. |
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|
Term
| Wine tasters should really be called wine smellers. |
|
Definition
| W_ne tasters should really be called wine sme__ers. |
|
|
Term
| The chemical PROP distinguishes between non-tasters, tasters, and super-tasters. The proportion in the human race seems to be 25%-50%-25% respectively. |
|
Definition
| The chemical PROP distinguishes between n_n-tasters, tast_rs, and su__r-tasters. The proportion in the human race seems to be 2_%-5_%-_5% respectively. |
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|
Term
| Linda Bartochuk uses a Labeled Magnitude Scale (LMS) to do research on different tasters. |
|
Definition
| L_nda Bart_ch_k uses a Lab_led Mag___ude Sc_le (LMS) to do research on different tast_rs. |
|
|
Term
| The LMS has a lower bound of no sensation and an upper bound of the strongest imaginable sensation of any kind. |
|
Definition
| The L_S has a lower bou_d of __ sensation and an up_er bound of the strongest imag__able sensation of any kind. |
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Term
| Super-tasters tend to not like sweet or fat and tend to be thin. They also don't like bitter, some of which are cancer preventive. |
|
Definition
| S___r-tasters tend to not like sweet or f_t and tend to be t__n. They also don't like bi__er, some of which are canc_r preventive. |
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|
Term
| Many fat replacements are available, they can be protein based, carbohydrate based and even fat based as long as they contain fewer calories. |
|
Definition
| Many f_t replacements are available, they can be pr__ein based, carbohyd__te based and even f_t based as long as they contain fewer ca___ies. |
|
|
Term
| Almost all medicines have an effect on taste. |
|
Definition
| Almost all medicines have an effect on t___e. |
|
|
Term
| A cataract is the clouding of the lens. |
|
Definition
| A ca____ct is the clouding of the lens. |
|
|
Term
| Cataracts develop in about 75% of people over 65. |
|
Definition
| Cata__cts develop in about 75% of people over 6_. |
|
|
Term
| Strabismus is when the two eyes are not aligned making binocular vision impossible. |
|
Definition
| Stra____us is when the two eyes are not aligned making binocular vision impossible. |
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|
Term
| Amblyopia is the condition when the two eyes do not produce the same image and it is not correctable with artificial lenses. |
|
Definition
| Ambl__pia is the condition when the two eyes do not produce the same im_ge and it is not correctable with arti___ial lenses. |
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|
Term
| A scotoma is an area of blindness in the visual field. |
|
Definition
| A sc___ma is an area of blindness in the visual field. |
|
|
Term
| Glaucoma is an increase in fluid pressure in the eye that will eventually result in blindness if not reduced. |
|
Definition
| Gl__c_ma is an increase in fluid pressure in the e_e that will eventually result in bl__dness if not reduc_d. |
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|
Term
| The macula is the center of the retina where sensitivity is greatest, the fovea is a depression in the macula. |
|
Definition
| The ma__la is the center of the retina where sensitivity is greatest, the f_vea is a depression in the mac_la. |
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|
Term
| Macular degeneration is loss of sensitivity in the macula area. |
|
Definition
| Macular degen__ation is loss of sen___ivity in the macula area. |
|
|
Term
| Retinitus pigmentosa is a retinal disease that causes a gradual loss of vision. |
|
Definition
| Reti___us pigm_nt_sa is a retinal disease that causes a gradual loss of vis_on. |
|
|
Term
| Diabetic retinopathy is damage to the retina as a result of diabetic blood vessels. |
|
Definition
| Di___tic retin__athy is damage to the retina as a result of diabetic bl_od vessels. |
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|
Term
| What do corrective lenses do for a farsighted person? |
|
Definition
| What do corrective lenses do for a farsighted person? (just an instructor's comment) |
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|
Term
| Astigmatism is an eye problem where the cornea is not perfectly round. |
|
Definition
| Ast____tism is an eye problem where the cornea is not perfectly round. |
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|
Term
| Vernier acuity is measured by the ability to judge if one line is displaced relative to another line. |
|
Definition
| Ve___er acu__y is measured by the ability to judge if one line is displaced relative to another line. |
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|
Term
| Landolt rings, parallel bars, and checkerboard patterns are used to measure resolution acuity. |
|
Definition
| Land_lt rings, par__lel bars, and checkerb___d patterns are used to measure reso_ution acuity. |
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