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Definition
| 2 fundamental characteristics of science |
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Definition
| The behavior of questioning the assumptions of others |
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| a way of thinking about & studying the world... Thomas Kuhn. |
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| is a set of blinders, a model of how we do science & what assumptions we accept |
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Definition
| theory (the Sun is center of Universe). Was backed by Galileo. |
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| Geocentric – Earth is center |
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| evolution of organisms guided by natural selection. (no longer a theory now a fact & considered to be a functional relationship |
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Definition
| exists when the event that follows a response controls the future appearance of the response. |
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| can be credited with a paradigm shif |
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| forgiven by Catholic Church 359 yrs later |
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| Descartes, gave us "Dualism" and associated with the "mind-body problem" |
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Definition
| Gave us "Dualism" which tells us humans consist of mental & physical events |
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| views behavior as always a symptom of underlying physiological or psychological causes. |
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| -”The Spirit of the Time”, plays a major role in determining which ideas are accepted & which are ignored |
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| Operational Definition, measure |
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Definition
| the beginning of science. An O_____ D_______ of a term tells us how to m_______ a term. |
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Definition
| cannot proceed without operational definitions & the measurement of emprical events |
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Definition
| believe that we are born with concepts of Time, Space, & Motion, & that some behaviors are unlearned, innate, or inherited |
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| believes that – underlying reality is physical, made of matter and motion, and all experiences are from neural events |
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Definition
| a theory that all events are controlled by current & previous events |
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| Law of Parsimony, Ockham's Razor, Morgan's Cannon |
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Definition
| all promote the idea that “the less assumptions the better” |
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Definition
| to name is not to explain |
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| Circular Reasoning - don't be circular |
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Definition
| the iron law of explantion... |
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| Reification/Category Mistake |
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Definition
| to name does not create (bring into existence). Ex: an idea or abstract concept. |
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Definition
| – things have a final purpose, but causality doesn't go back in time |
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Definition
| “after this, therefore because of this” - a fallacy. "Since that event followed this one, that event must have been caused by this one." It is often shortened to simply post hoc and is also sometimes referred to as false cause, coincidental correlation, or correlation not causation. |
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| Using hypothetical constructs & intervening variables can cause problems. |
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Definition
| Use of h___ c___ & i____ v___ can cause problems. |
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Definition
| we must know the properties of the physical universe & also the properties of the perceiver in order to understand ______ |
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Definition
| the attempt to predict & control the behavior of humans & other organisms |
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| Quanta (Photons) from an external source, entering the eye & exciting receptors in the retina |
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Definition
| Vision begins with ____ from an ____ _____ entering the eye and exciting ______ in the ________ |
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Definition
| refers to the process by which stimuli or physical energies are converted to neural messages. |
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Definition
| A Psychophysicist would be interested in the relationship between _____ of light & ______ of light |
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Definition
| Psychophysicists do both ____ & _____ experiments |
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| structure, activity, both |
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Definition
| CAT scans & MRIs show ____, PET Scans (with radioactive material-showing glucose consumption) show ______, fMRI shows _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| measures changes in potential of the eye |
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Term
| Illusory contours, (subjective contours) |
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Definition
| lines that are seen but are not drawn |
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Term
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Definition
| Humans are not only subject to illusory contours but also illusory ______ |
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Definition
| discipline that attempts to quantify the relationship between the physical world & the perceptual world. |
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Definition
| Psychophysic is what type of paradigm? |
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Term
| Psychophysics is a discrimination paradigm. To find a threshold is a detection task, we try to discriminate signal from nothing. |
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Definition
| To find a threshold is a ____ task....we try to d____ s____ from nothing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect stimulus 50% of the time. |
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Term
| Just Noticeable Difference (JND)/The Difference Threshold |
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Definition
| the sensation resulting from a barely noticeable stimulus change. |
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Definition
| This law states that JND/S is a constant (S=”Standard Stimulus”) |
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Term
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Definition
| if the JND for lifting a 200 gram weight is 10 grams, the JND for lifting a _____ gram weight is 200 grams. |
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Definition
| ___'s law assumes that all JNDs are ____. |
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Term
| A psychometric function graph |
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Definition
| a graph showing the percentage of trails on which stimuli of different intensities are detected. |
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Definition
| can be made from psychometric functions for the absolute threshold & the JND. |
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Definition
| The minimum amount of stimulation needed to detect stimulus 50% of the time. |
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Definition
| The classical psychophysical methods were published in the elements of psychophysics (1860) by __________ |
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Term
| Method 1: Method of Constant Stimuli |
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Definition
| In which of Gustav Fechner's method is the stimuli presented randomly? |
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Term
| Method 2 "Methods of limits" |
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Definition
| Which Gustav Fechner method does the experimenter present the stimuli in either an ascending, descending order, or use a stairstep approach? |
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Term
| Method 3 "Methods of adjustment" |
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Definition
| Which Gustav Fechner method lets the subject control intensity? |
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Term
| The 2-alternative Forced-Choice procedure |
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Definition
| Procedure that minimizes effects of observers' expectations & criterion. |
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Term
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Definition
| In this law, he used direct techniques rather than indirect |
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Definition
| What kind of estimation did Stevens use? |
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Term
| Electric shock, line length, and brightness |
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Definition
| What power functions did Stevens create for? |
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Term
| Signal Detection Theory (SDT) |
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Definition
| A theory for measuring the sensitivity & biases of sensory processes & decision processes. |
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Term
| This is an example of "making a hit" |
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Definition
What is this an example of?
"You think the Chef put salt in your pudding..He really did" |
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Term
| This is an example of a "False Alarm" |
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Definition
| What is this an example of in SDT terms? "“I hear the tone”. There was no tone. " |
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Term
| This is an example of "making a miss" |
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Definition
| In SDT Terms, what's this an example of? "A Radiologist thinks an x-ray is clean. There is an abnormality" |
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Term
| This is an example of a correct rejection. |
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Definition
| In SDT terms, what is this an example of? "A Doctor thinks you're NOT sick. You really are NOT sick" |
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Term
| Sensitivity & selectivity |
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Definition
| The medical industry's terms for Hits & False alarms. |
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Term
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Definition
| In SDT, what does Statistical Mathmatics call a "False positive"? |
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Term
| d' (d prime, sensitivity) and beta (response bias). |
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Definition
| What 2 human performance things does SDT measure? |
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Term
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Definition
| SDT term used to indicate "sensitivity to signal strength" |
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Term
| Beta... a measurement of response bias |
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Definition
| Ratio of hits to false alarms |
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Term
| ROC (receiving operating characteristics) |
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Definition
| A plot of the probability of a hit vs the probability of a false alarm |
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Term
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Definition
| A way of thinking that allows us to separate information from bias. |
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Term
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Definition
| In SDT, the rewards & punishments associated with a particular response are called the p_____ or R_____ b_____ |
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Term
| Changing the probability of a stimulus's presence changes the observer's response bias. |
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Definition
| Changing the p________ of a stimulus's presence changes the observer's r______ b___. |
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Term
| CFF (Critical Fusion Frequency) |
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Definition
| the frequency a flickering light becomes constant. |
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Term
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Definition
| allows us to tell between sensitivity and decision-making strategies |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Dr. Dippner, is there a such a thing as Subliminal Perception? |
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Definition
| A____ affects perception. |
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Term
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Definition
| A____ determines brightness |
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Term
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Definition
| What range of light (in meters) can we humans detect? |
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Term
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Definition
| Brightness is to i_____ as hue/color is to w________ |
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Term
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Definition
| The addition of other wavelengths to a monochromatic light reduces its _____? |
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Term
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Definition
| Depth and paleness refer to this |
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Term
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Definition
| A fully saturated color is ___? |
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Term
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Definition
| Tells the size of a retinal image |
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Term
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Definition
| We use a lot of L___ to bend light waves |
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Term
| Cornea (but it does not change shape) |
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Definition
| Most human focusing is done by what? |
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Term
| The Lense... and it does change shape |
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Definition
| Secondary focues is done by the ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| where cornea turns white..tough material |
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Term
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Definition
| In the sclera, is the c_____. It gets blood to the outer retina and also absorbs light. |
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Term
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Definition
| It's what defines the color of your eye... It dialates and constricts, changing pupil size. |
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Term
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Definition
| - process in which the lense changes shape to focus the image on the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| is linked always to convergence and divergence |
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Term
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Definition
| What causes the lense to change from 2 to 8 mm in thickness, biologically speaking? |
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Term
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Definition
| What eye part inverts the image? |
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Term
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Definition
| It is like Jell-o between the lense and retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| never looses cells-thus increases size and density with age and may be related to cataracts. |
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Term
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Definition
| optic nerve leaves the retina and exits the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| slight depression in the macula with the most cones thus sharpest acuity. |
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Term
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Definition
| These eye cells differentiate wavelength |
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Term
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Definition
| These eye cells have great acuity but poor sensitivity. |
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Term
| Rods - they converge their signals and give good sensitivity |
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Definition
| Which are there more of? Rods or Cones? |
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Term
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Definition
| Both of the visual receptors, the rods and the cones have synapses where neural transmitters excite cells in the what layer? |
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Term
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Definition
| The h______ cells spread laterally to dozens of photoreceptors. This allows one photoreceptor to influence another |
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Term
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Definition
| The ____ _____ layer contains amacrine cells and ganglion cells. The amacrine cells provide feedback to bipolar cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in sensitivity to cope with different levels of stimulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| D___ A____ is a 2-stage process for most humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| After sitting in the dark for 30 min. the sensitivity of your eye will have increased by a factor ??? |
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Term
| The dark adaptation curve |
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Definition
| This curve is considered evidence of humans having duplex retinas |
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Term
| Photopic (bright), mesopic, and scotopic (dim) |
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Definition
| P____, m_____ and s_____ are terms used to describe a duplex visual system. |
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Term
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Definition
| How many pigments are in the normal human retina? |
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Term
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Definition
| Another evidence that human eyes are duplex, this causes sunsets to appear to shift in spectual sensitivity. What is this called? |
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Term
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Definition
| Choroid layer in some nocturnal animals that reflects back some of the light that enters the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neuron is composed of ____, a cell body and an ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| Axons regenerate in the PNS (peripheral nervous systems) but do neurons? |
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Term
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Definition
| These cross the neural gap |
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Term
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Definition
| For synapses with no neurotransmitters, what do they use to influence other axons? (some are in the eye) |
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Term
| Excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSP) and inhibitory post synaptic potentials (IPSP) are graded potentials. (from 0v to 60-70mV) |
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Definition
| _______ and _______ are graded potentials. (from 0v to 60-70mV) |
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Term
| ESPS (excitatory post synaptic potentials) |
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Definition
| cause hyperpolarization of the dendrites. The inside of the cell becomes more negatively charged. |
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Term
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Definition
| This "potential" is needed to transfer information in human bodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| The law that refers to transmission of spikes from one Node or Ranvier to another in myelinated axons. |
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Term
| A relative refractory period |
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Definition
| A ______ ________period occurs after each All-or-None spike |
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Term
| The Central Nervous System (CNS) |
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Definition
| System containig the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cortex has 2 nerve tracks to and from the brain. Which goes TO the brain? |
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Term
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Definition
| The cortex has 2 nerve tracks to and from the brain. Which comes FROM the brain? |
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Term
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Definition
| Our cortex is ______ which reflects nerve tracts but both the white matter and the gray matter reflect axons. |
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Term
| The Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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Definition
| This "system" includes the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). |
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Term
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Definition
| The optic nerve is m_____ after it leaves the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| the area where half of the optic nerves of the left and right eye cross to the contralateral side. |
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Term
| Ipsilateral, contralateral |
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Definition
| I______is to go to the same side, c________is to go to the other side of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| What hemisphere do the left visual fields of the eye go to? |
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Term
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Definition
| The nasal part of the retina crosses over in the optic chiasm to the opposite hemisphere via the _______ ______ ?. |
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Term
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Definition
| a small area of the retina where stimulation will produce a response in a ganglion cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most g_______ cells have concentric center/surround organizations |
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Term
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Definition
| In s_____ c____ recordings we use a microelectrode to record the activity of a single neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| An __-cell shows an increase in activity when the stimulus is presented, an ___-cell shows an increase when the stimulus is removed. |
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Term
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Definition
| If the ratio of the lightness between the center and the surround is constant the response of the ganglion cell will be ___? |
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Term
| The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) |
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Definition
| Located in the thalamus where all the senses synapse except for smell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where is the LGN located? |
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Term
| retinotropic, topographic |
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Definition
| A r_______ (t______) map is a map of retinal position onto the LGN or the visual cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| O_____ p______ cells, found in the LGN, signal the presence of one color by an increase in spikes and the presence of an opposing color by a decrease |
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Term
| No. Information comes back from the visual cortex to the LGN. There is no feedback from the LGN to the retina. (Wiring diagram is Vcrtx to/from LGN and LGN gets from retina) |
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Definition
| Is there feedback from the LGN to the retina? |
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Term
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Definition
| primarily responsible for eye movements and visual orienting reflexes). |
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Term
| Yes (they "appear" to be) |
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Definition
| Are the fibers from the eye to the SC bidirectiona ? |
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Term
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Definition
| How many rods did Hect, Schlaer and Pirenne estimate it took to active a sensation? |
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Term
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Definition
| The r_____ f______ of ganglion cells contain many receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| The receptive fields tend to be of c____-s______ organization. |
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Term
| excited, inhibited, receptive |
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Definition
| The resting firing rate of a ganglion cell can be e_____ or i_____ by light falling on its r______ field |
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Term
| Lateral inhibition (lateral antagonism) |
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Definition
| Term that means when light on one point of the retina decreases neural activity of nearby points. We find this throughout the retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| This "Grid" causes us to see non-existant gray spots. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the Hermann Grid illusion, if you lower the illumination, what happens to the spots? |
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Term
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Definition
| The more intersections you have, the ____ the spots. |
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Term
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Definition
| Illusory bands due to lateral inhibition |
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Term
| In the human eye axons from the retina report on ratios of light and not absolute values and so Mach Bands exist |
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Definition
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Term
| Brightness comes from a source, lightness is from a reflection. The moon is lightness. |
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Definition
| _____ comes from a source, _____ is from a reflection. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are ganglion cells with smaller cell bodies in the center of the retina that have brisk responses |
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Term
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Definition
| have small receptive fields and go to the LGN in the thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| These are larger ganglion cells that appear everywhere in the retina and have brisk responses. |
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Term
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Definition
| These have large receptive fields and project to the LGN and also to the SC (superior colliculus) in the brainstem |
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Term
| The parvocellular system is a visual processing pathway that begins in the small dorsal cells of the LGN. “Parvo means “Small” |
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Definition
| a visual processing pathway that begins in the small dorsal cells of the LGN. |
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Term
| Larger ganglion cells appearing everywhere in the retina, having brisk responses |
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Definition
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Term
| Large, LGN, SC (superior ccolliculus, on the dorsal surface of the brain stem) |
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Definition
| M Cells have ___ receptivel fields... and project to the ___ and also the ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| The system sensitive to fine visual features and color from its appropriate ganglion cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| comes from the visual cortex to the inferotemporal (IT) cortex and has mostly parvocellular input. |
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Term
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Definition
| is important in identification of objects (form) and color. It is thought to give us “What”information and may be conscious. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a visual processing pathway that begins in the medium and large ventral cells of the LGN. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Magnocellular system is sensitive to ______. Information comes from the ganglion M-cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| stream is in the upper part of the brain and has mostly magnocellular input |
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Term
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Definition
| travels through the medial temporal (MT) area and on to the parietal lobe. |
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Term
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Definition
| is important for depth, location, and visually guided behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| seems to have “Where” and perhaps “How” information and may not be conscious. |
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Term
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Definition
| cells are found in the visual cortex and respond to a particular position of a bar of light. |
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Term
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Definition
| found in the visual corrtex and they will respond to any position of a bar of light. |
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Term
| Direction Selective cells |
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Definition
| cells respond best to moving stimuli and usually have a preferred direction of movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| respond to short moving lines or corners. |
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Term
| David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel |
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Definition
| received the Nobel Prize for recording orientation specific cells in the visual cortex. |
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Term
| Selective adaptation experiments |
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Definition
| These show that these feature detectors are important in perception. |
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Term
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Definition
| tells us how strongly a cortical cell is driven by each eye. Most cells in the visual cortex are binocular. |
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Term
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Definition
| have receptive fields in each eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of neurons that react vigorously to a stimulus of a particular orientation. |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of adjacent columns that includes all possible orientations and ocular dominance columns. |
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Term
| We find simple cells and elaborate cells in the inferotemporal lobe |
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Definition
| We find _____cells and ______ cells in the inferotemporal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| Just because a neuron responds to faces does not mean it recognizes a specific face. ________ is a failure of the person to recognize familiar faces. (“A whole bunch of cells respond to Grandma”). |
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Term
| There is a magnification factor in the visual system. The area of the fovea is magnified in the LGN and has 8% of the visual cortex. |
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Definition
| There is a m______ f______in the visual system. The area of the ______is magnified in the ___and has 8% of the visual c______. |
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Term
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Definition
| has shown us that visual responses may be genetically determined but experience is necessary for normal development |
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Term
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Definition
| "The seeking out and focusing on stimuli is called.."? |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulus that is not attended to is not seen even if you are looking directly at the stimulus. This is called? |
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Term
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Definition
| If a stimulus is presented within 500 msec after another stimulus, what might happen? |
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Term
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Definition
| allows us to determine the sine waves that make up a complex wave. |
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Term
| Frequency, contrast, orientation, and phase |
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Definition
| What are the four dimensions of gratings? |
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Term
| the number of bars per distance on the retina |
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Definition
| The Spatial frequency for a grating is |
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Term
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Definition
| One degree of visual angle is about how much on the retina? |
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Term
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Definition
| is the difference in light intensity between the brightest and dimmest parts of a pattern |
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Term
| Contrast can be from 0% to 100%. The contrast of black print on white paper is about 90%. |
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Definition
| What is the % range that contrast is measured in? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which axis of a diagram showing a contrast sensitivity function (csf) would be labeled sensitivity? |
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Term
| The angle from the vertical. |
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Definition
| Orientation is the a____ from the v______. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a striped stimulus the black stripes are ______________________with white stripes |
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Term
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Definition
| can result from looking at a bright object and then looking at a dark surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| can result from looking at a bright object and a light surface |
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Term
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Definition
| As an object moves closer to you, the visual angle......? |
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Term
| The size of an after-image will become larger if the after-image is viewed against a distant background |
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Definition
| The size of afterimage will B_____ L______ if the afterimage is viewed against a D_______ B________ |
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Term
| A large low contrast shadow is most likely to be seen by a cat, cats have a better Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF) than humans. |
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Definition
| A common animal that has a higher Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF) than humans is...? |
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Term
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Definition
| From a practical viewpoint c______ s______ provides a sensitive assessment of visual acuity. |
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Term
| Contrast sensitivity is great for assessing vision in nonverbal organisms. The habituation technique works great for human infants. |
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Definition
| Contrast sensitivity is great for assessing v______ in non-______ organisms. The h_______ t______ works great for h_____ i_______. |
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Term
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Definition
| This means "the ability to detect a small displacement in a straight line", and is probably the most sensitive measure of visual acuity available. |
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Term
| The selective adaptation procedure |
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Definition
| This procedure shows that sensitivity to a particular spatial frequency can be decreased by exposure |
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Term
Roger, playing Tennis, wearing glasses that shifted 20 degrees to the right, an example of Perceptual Adaptation.
[Was able to adapt and play quite well] |
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Definition
| This person played a particular Sport, wearing a strange set of glasses to demonstrate a kind of adaptation. Who was he, what did he play, what did the glasses do, and what was it an example of? |
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Term
| Humphrey Bogart and Abe Lincoln... " don't look so good after fourier analyse". |
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Definition
| This kind of analyses was applied to 2 Historical figures, the results weren't good. What kind of analysis, and who were the historical figures? With respect to our studies in this class? (Hint: An actor, A Leader, and an analysis technique) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Artificial intelligence researchers have a problem with template theory. How do we recognize so many handwriting styles |
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Definition
| What kind of researchers have a problem with template theory? How do we recognize so many h_____ s______? |
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Term
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Definition
| Their experiment shows a critical period in the visual development of kittens. |
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Term
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Definition
| His experiment began research on iconic decay (250 msec). |
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Term
| Opium transformed into morphine and began the Opium Wars |
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Definition
| Opium transformed into what? (beginning the ____ Wars) |
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Term
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Definition
| What was invented in 1854 that enabled using morphine in the U.S. Civil War? |
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Term
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Definition
| The O _____ E____ Act was passed in 1909. |
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Term
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Definition
| This act was passed in 1914, prohibiting marijuana despite its therapeutic and industrial use. |
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Term
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Definition
| This act, passed in 1919, banned alcohol in the U.S... where about 1 in 400 had an addiction... equating to about 750,000 people today. |
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Term
| By 1930 1/3 of the people in prison were in for drug crimes, Lexington and Lompoc had been opened, and alcohol consumption exceeded that of 1919. |
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Definition
| By 1930 , ???? of the people in prison were in there for ____ crimes. L____ and L___ had been opened, and alcohol consumption exceeded that of 1919. |
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Term
| The Volstead Act (repealed in 1933) |
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Definition
| This act was repealed in _____ but a criminal class had been established. |
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Term
| Benzadrine and Methamphetamine Hydrochloride |
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Definition
| B____ was invented in 1927, and M____ H____ in 1930. |
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Term
| Albert Hofman discovered Lysergic Acid diethylamide (LSD) |
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Definition
| A_____ H______ discovered L______ A_____ d_________ (LSD) |
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Term
| By the 50s there were serious problems with the new drugs. The “three strikes and you're out” law was passed in California. |
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Definition
| By the 50s, this new policy was passed in one of the most prominent states of the U.S. What was this policy called, and where was it enacted? |
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Term
| Urine test, and opium Use. Every army soldier leaving Vietnam in September of 1971 had a urine sample taken and was interviewed about opiate use. |
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Definition
| In 1971, every Vietnam Army Vet was given a test, and an interview, upon returning home. What was tested, and what were they interviewed about? |
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Term
| Tolerance. Heroin has a factor of 30, alcohol a factor of 2. |
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Definition
| The DSM IV term that means "reduced effectiveness of a drug" ... is what? |
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Term
| Physiological (a very medical model) and psychological (which has no definition) |
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Definition
| What are the two types of dependence according to the DSM? |
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Term
| Addiction is the outcome of tolerance and dependence. A meaningless label but maybe useful and definitely widely used. |
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Definition
| What is "the outcome of tolerance and dependence." |
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Term
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Definition
| What must you exhibit in order to be considered "physiologically addicted"? |
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Term
| Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), anti-psychotics |
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Definition
| A new kind of drug study begain in 1950, and resulted in the invention of a calming, but not sedating, drug. What was this new drug, and what was the class of drugs itself called? |
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Term
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Definition
| V______ was a new drug that arrived in 1963. ____% of America was using it, according to a survey done 10 years later (1973). |
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Term
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Definition
| This drug, invented in 1984 (coinciding with the patent expiration of Valium), had the features of : 1. not accumalating in the body, 2. being more addictive, and 3. Presenting a new problem: The rebound effect. What was this drug called? |
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Term
| Prescribed by psychiatrists 30% , the rest by General Practicioners, for anxiety and depression. |
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Definition
| Xanax was prescribed partially by ______ 30% and the rest by ______ ___ for a____ and d_______.On the package it says, “do not give for stress of everyday life |
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Term
| Prozac was introduced in 1987, Virtual prozac came in 1995, thanks to Jerry Adler. (Virtual Prozac...you 'sit back in life, think about it, then don't worry about it' ..Instructor). |
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Definition
| P______ was introduced in 1987, V______ P______ came in 1995, thanks to Jerry Adler. (Virtual Prozac...you 'sit back in life, think about it, then don't worry about it' ..Instructor) |
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Term
| EEG (Electroencephalogram) & ERP (Event Related Potentials) |
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Definition
| Measures changes in potential on the human skull |
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