Term
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Definition
| the illusion of motion of a stationary object that occurs after prolonged exposure to a moving object |
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Term
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Definition
| the illusory impression of smooth motion resulting from the rapid alternation of objects that appear in different locations in rapid succession |
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Term
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Definition
| in motion detection, the problem faced by the motion detection system of knowing which feature in frame 2corresponds to a particular feature in frame 1 |
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Term
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Definition
| the fact that when a moving object is viewed through an aperture (or receptive field) the direction of motion of a local feature or part of the object may be ambiguous |
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Term
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Definition
| an opening that allows only a partial view of an object |
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Term
| - Middle temporal area(MT) |
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Definition
| an area of the brain thought to be important in the perception of motion |
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Term
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Definition
| the transfer of an effect(such as adaptation) from one eye to the other (MAE) |
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Term
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Definition
| the motion of an object that is defined by changes in luminance |
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Term
| - Luminance-defined object |
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Definition
| an object that is delineated by changes in reflected light |
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Term
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Definition
| the motion of an object that is defined by texture but not by luminance |
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Term
| - Texture-defined(contrast defined) object |
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Definition
| an object that id delineated by changes in contrast or texture but not luminance |
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Term
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Definition
| the collection of light rays that interact with objects in the world that are in front of a viewer |
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Term
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Definition
| the changing angular positions of points in a perspective image that we experience as we move through the world |
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Term
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Definition
| the point in the center of the horizon from which, were when in motion, all points in the perspective image seem to emanate. The focus of expansion is one aspect of optic flow |
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Term
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Definition
| the pattern of movement of living beings |
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Term
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Definition
| the time required for a moving object to hit a stationary object. TTC = distance/rate |
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Term
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Definition
| information in the optic that could signal time to collision (TTC) without the necessity of estimating either absolute distances or rates. The ratio of retinal image size at any moment to the rate at which the image is expanding is tau and TTC is proportionate to tau |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of voluntary eye movement in which the eyes move smoothly to follow a moving object |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure in the midbrain that is important in initiating and guiding eye movements |
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Term
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Definition
| an involuntary small jerk like eye movement |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of eye movement in which the 2 eyes move in opposite directions; for example both eyes turn toward the nose(convergance) or away from the nose(divergence) |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of eye movement made both voluntarily and involuntarily in which the eyes rapidly change fixation from one object or location to another |
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Term
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Definition
| an area of the visual system that receives one copy of the command that issued by the motor system when the eyes move. The comparator compares the image motion signal with the eye motion signal and can compensate for the image changes caused by the eye movement |
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Term
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Definition
| a rare neuropsychological disorder in which the affected individual has no perception of motion |
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Term
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Definition
| the magnitude of displacement(increase or decrease) of a sound pressure wave. Amplitude is perceived as loudness |
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Term
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Definition
| for sound, the number of times per second that a pattern of pressure change repeats. Frequency is perceived as pitch |
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Term
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Definition
| a unit of measure for frequency. One hertz equals one cycle per second |
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Term
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Definition
| the psychological aspect of sound related to perceived intensity |
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Term
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Definition
| the psychological aspect of sound related mainly to perceived frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| a unit of measure for the physical intensity of sound. Decibels define the difference between 2 sounds as the ratio between 2 sound pressures. Each 10:1 sound pressure ratio equals 20dB and a 100:1 ratio equals 40 dB |
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Term
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Definition
| a waveform for which variation as a function of time is a sine function |
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Term
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Definition
| a representation of relative energy(intensity) present at each frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| the spectrum of a complex sound in which energy is at integer multiples of the fundamental frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest frequency component of complex periodic sound |
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Term
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Definition
| the psychological sensation by which a listener can judge that 2 sounds with the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar. Timbre quality is conveyed by harmonics and other high frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer funnel-like part of the ear |
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Term
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Definition
| the canal that conducts sound vibrations from the pinna to the tympanic membrane and prevents the damage to the tympanic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| the eardrum; a thin sheet of skin at the end of the outer ear canal. The tympanic membrane vibrates in response to sound |
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Term
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Definition
| the external sound-gathering portion of the ear consisting of the pinna and ear canal |
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Term
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Definition
| an air-filled chamber containing the middle bones(ossicles). The middle ear conveys and amplifies vibration from the tympanic membrane to the oval window |
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Term
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Definition
| any of 3 tiny bones of the middle ear. The malleus, incus, and stapes |
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Term
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Definition
| receives vibration from the tympanic membrane and is attached to the incus |
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Term
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Definition
| the middle of the ossicles, connecting the malleus and stapes |
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Term
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Definition
| connected to the incus on one end the stapes presses against the oval window of the cochlea on the other end |
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Term
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Definition
| the flexible opening to the cochlea through which the stapes transmits vibration to the fluid inside |
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Term
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Definition
| a hollow cavity in the temporal bone of the skull, and the structures within this cavity: the cochlea and the semicircular canals of the vestibular system |
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Term
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Definition
| the muscle attached to the malleus; tensing the tensor tympani decreases vibration |
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Term
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Definition
| the muscle attached to the stapes; tensing the stapedius decreases vibration |
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Term
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Definition
| a reflex that protects the ear from intense sounds, via contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| a spiral structure of the inner ear containing the organ of corti |
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Term
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Definition
| one of three fluid passages in the cochlea. The tympanic canal extends from the round window at the base of the cochlea to the helicotrema at the apex. Also called the scala tympani |
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Term
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Definition
| one of three fluid filled passages in the cochlea. The vestibular canal extends from the oval window at the base of the cochlea to the helicotrema at the apex. Also called the scala vestibule |
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Term
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Definition
| one of three fluid filled passages in the cochlea. The middle canal is sandwiched between the other canals and contains the cochlear partition. Also called the scala media |
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Term
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Definition
| the opening that connects the tympanic and vestibular canals at the apex of the cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| a thin sheath of tissue separating the vestibular and middle canals in the cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| a plate of fibers that forms the base of the cochlear partition and separates the middle and tympanic canals in the cochlea |
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Term
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Definition
| the combined basilar membrane, tectorial membrane, and organ of Corti, which are together responsible for the transduction of sound waves into neural signals |
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Term
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Definition
| A soft area of tissue at the base of the tympanic canal that releases excess pressure remaining from extremely intense sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure on the basilar membrane of the cochlea that is composed of hair cells and dendrites of auditory nerve fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| any cell that has stereocillia for transducing mechanical movement in the inner ear into neural activity sent to the brain; some hair cells also receive inputs from the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of neurons that convey information from hair cells in the cochlea to(afferent) and from(efferent) the brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
| any of the hairlike extensions on the tips of hair cells in the cochlea that when flexed initiate the release of neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| a gelatinous structure, attached on one end, that extends into the middle canal of the ear, floating above inner hair cells and touching outer hair cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a tiny filament that stretches from the tip of a stereocillium to the side of its neighbor |
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Term
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Definition
| tuning of different parts of the cochlea to different frequencies, in which information about the particular frequency of an incoming sound wave is coded by the place along the cochlear partition that has the greatest mechanical displacement |
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Term
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Definition
| a neuron that carries sensory information to the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| a neuron that carries information from the CNS to the periphery |
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Term
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Definition
| a graph plotting the thresholds of a neuron or fiber in response to sine waves with varying frequencies at the lowest intensity that will give rise to a response |
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Term
| - Characteristic frequency (CF) |
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Definition
| the frequency to which a particular auditory nerve fiber is most sensitive |
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Term
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Definition
| a decrease in the firing rate of one auditory nerve fiber due to one tone, when a second tone is presented at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| a map plotting the firing rate of an auditory nerve fiber against varying frequencies (pitch) at a steady intensity (volume) |
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Term
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Definition
| the point at which a nerve fiber is firing as rapidly as possible and further stimulation is incapable of increasing the firing rate |
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Term
| - Rate-intensity function |
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Definition
| a graph plotting the firing rate of an auditory nerve fiber in response to a sound of constant frequency (pitch) at increasing intensities (volume) |
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Term
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Definition
| an auditory nerve fiber that has a low rate (less than 10 spikes per second) of spontaneous firing; low-spontaneous fibers require relatively intense sound before they will fire at higher rates |
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Term
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Definition
| an auditory nerve fiber that has a high rate (more than 30 spikes per second) of spontaneous firing; high-spontaneous fibers increase their firing rate in response to relatively low levels of sound |
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Term
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Definition
| an auditory nerve fiber that has a medium rate (10-30 spikes per second) of spontaneous firing. The characteristics of mid-spontaneous fibers are intermediated between low- and high- spontaneous fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| firing of a single neuron at one distinct point in the period (cycle) of a sound wave at a given frequency. (The neuron need not fire on every cycle, but each firing will occur at the same point in the cycle.) |
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Term
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Definition
| tuning of different parts of the cochlea to different frequencies, in which info about the particular frequency of an incoming sound wave is coded by the timing of neural firing as it relates to the period of the sound |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that multiple neurons can provide a temporal code for frequency if each neuron fires at a distinct point in the period of a sound wave but does not fire on every period |
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Term
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Definition
| the first brain stem nucleus at which afferent auditory nerve fibers synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| an early brain stem region in the auditory pathway where inputs from both ears converge |
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Term
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Definition
| a midbrain nucleus in the auditory pathway |
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Term
| - Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) |
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Definition
| the part of the thalamus that relays auditory signals to the temporal cortex and receives input from the auditory cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| an arrangement in which neurons that respond to different frequencies are organized anatomically in order of frequency |
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Term
| - Primary audiroty cortex (A1) |
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Definition
| the first area within the temporal lobes of the brain responsible for processing acoustics of sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| a region of cortex, directly adjacent to the primary auditory cortex (A1), with inputs from A1, where neurons respond to more complex characteristics of sound |
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Term
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Definition
| a region of cortex, lateral and adjacent to the belt area, where neurons respond to more complex characteristics of sounds, as well as to input from other senses |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the psychological correlates of the physical dimensions of acoustics; a branch of psychophysics |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest sound pressure level that can be reliably detected at a give frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| a graph plotting sound pressure level (dB SPL) against the frequency for which a listener perceives constant loudness |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which a sound at a constant level is perceived as being louder when it is of greater duration. The term also applies to perceived brightness, which depends on the duration of light |
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Term
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Definition
| using a second sound, frequently noise, to make the detection of another sound more difficult |
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Term
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Definition
| noise consisting of all audible frequencies in equal amounts. White noise in hearing is analogous to white light in vision, for which all wave-lengths are present |
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Term
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Definition
| the range of frequencies conveyed within a channel in the auditory system |
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Term
| - Conductive hearing loss |
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Definition
| hear loss caused by problems with the bones of the middle ear |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the middle ear, commonly in children as a result of inflection |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal growth of the middle ear boes that causes hearing loss |
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Term
| - Sensorineural hearing loss |
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Definition
| hearing loss due to defects in the cochlea or auditory nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| producing adverse effects on cochlear or vestibular organs or nerves |
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Term
| - Interaural time difference (ITD) |
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Definition
| the difference in time between a sound arriving at one ear versus the other |
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Term
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Definition
| the angle of a sound source on the horizontal plane relative to a point in the center of the head between the ears. Azimuth is measured in degrees, with 0 being straight ahead. The angle increases clockwise toward the right, with 180 being directly behind |
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Term
| - Medial superior olive (MSO) |
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Definition
| a relay station in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to detection of the interaural time difference |
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Term
| - Interaural level difference (ILD) |
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Definition
| the difference in level (intensity/vol) between a sound arriving at one eat versus the other |
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Term
| - Lateral superior olive (LSO) |
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Definition
| a relay station in the brain stem where inputs from both ears contribute to detection of the interaural level difference |
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Term
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Definition
| a region of positions in space where all sounds produce the same time and level difference (ITDs and ILDs) |
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Term
| - Directional transfer function |
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Definition
| a measure that describes how the pinna, ear canal, head, and torso change the intensity of sounds with different frequencies that arrive at each ear from different locations in space (azimuth and elevation) |
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Term
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Definition
| a principle stating that as distance from a source increases, intensity initially decreases much faster than distance increases, such that the decrease in intensity is equal to the increase in distance squared. This general law also applies to optics and other forms of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| the lowest frequency component of a complex periodic sound (the lowest note of a chord) |
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Term
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Definition
| the psychological sensation by which a listener can judge that two sounds with the same loudness and pitch are dissimilar. Timbre quality is conveyed by harmonics and other high frequencies (guitar and sax playing the same song at the same vol) |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of sound during which amplitude increases (onset) |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of a sound during which amplitude decreases (offset) |
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Term
| - Source segregation or auditory scene analysis |
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Definition
| processing an auditory scene consisting of multiple sound sources into separate sound images |
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Term
| - Auditory stream segregation |
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Definition
| the perceptual organization of a complex acoustic signal into separate auditory events for which each stream is heard as a separate event |
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