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| vision, audition, cutaneous, gustation, olfaction |
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| after the things of nature. what is there? where did it come from? how do we know it? |
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| what is the relationship between mental and physical. brain is physical. |
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| muellers doctrine of nerves |
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Definition
says that cross-splicing auditory, visual nerves would result in seeing thunder and hearing lightning.
When ferrets re-wired as such, behave normalluy |
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| the image formed on the back of the retina is upside down, backwards. the world doesnt appear this way because the brain knows were left, right, up, down are. |
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| why brain:computer metaphor is inapt |
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| computers have much higher speed, but have nowhere near the connectivity of a brain (series:parallel). Computers cannot withstand damage, are built, and cannot self reprogram Where brain undergo damage constantly and are grown. |
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| why brain:computer metaphor is inapt |
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| computers have much higher speed, but have nowhere near the connectivity of a brain (series:parallel). Computers cannot withstand damage, are built, and cannot self reprogram Where brain undergo damage constantly and are grown. |
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| 2-200 mph (electrochemical) |
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3 neuron reflex from the knee--- spinal collumn--- quadricept.
must be rapid to coordinate walking. limits size of animals |
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| 2 kinds of stuff. mind/body separable |
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| similar to monism- one kind of stuff emerging from other kinds of stuff (mind comes from brain) |
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| the stuff of the world and the mind are the same, but we havent discovered how they are shared |
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| feelings and mental phenomena are the manifestations of physical inclinations. thirst is the desire to perform action of drinking. |
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| in the central state (the brain) there is no difference between perception and the neural firings which cause them. |
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perceptions are functionally the same as the neural firing which cause them, but not identical.
problem: neurons are unnecessary. |
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classifies based on similarity (this is different from that).
Taxonomy: relationships based on what something belongs to
menonomy: "part of" relations (the forearm is part of the arm) |
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| classifies orders, "this is more than that" (class at cornell) |
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| shows measured differences. "this difference is twice that differece" temperature in farenheit |
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| shows measured differences with a zero. ie temp in kelvin |
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| practice of not having the same thing. IE. perceived brightness decreasing with duration of exposure. |
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| transient cells in optic nerve |
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| respond to things that move |
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| continue to emit responses over time. |
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| fechnerian method of limits |
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| know range of audition, either start below or incrementally to up until sound heard |
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| fechnerian method of adjustment |
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| pateint knob when they hear/ dont hear sound |
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| fechnerian method of constant stimulii |
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| there is always a stim, but at different levels. |
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| touch, temperature, pain from front of tongue, scent |
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| touch, temperature, pain from back of tongue. |
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| those which are not connected to the brain through the spinal cord |
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| way station between tongue and brain. almost all sensory information from body goes through. |
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| evidence of innateness for taste |
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| newborns like sweetness, salt. Sour and bitter are both disliked (poison) |
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| evidence for cultural salience |
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Definition
salt: very important to people though history, sweetness: fruits, sugar trade (rare in historry). Bitter: beer (old and very important), coffee, chocolate.
Sour: citrus, milk fermentation, bread.
POINT: these are basic to every culture, so they must be elemental. |
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| decreased ability to tast |
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| olfactory nerve (1st cranial), limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus), cortex (olfactory |
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| as in olfaction. impulses from left side of nose do not cross midline of brain to right side. |
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| electrochemical (ions), stereochemical (lock+key), molecular (specific vibrations of molecules) |
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| results of nat. geo olfaction survey |
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| as age increases, ability to identify smells decreases. result of infections, calcification of cribiform |
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| some functions of chemical sensing |
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| sebaceous glands secret sebum broken down by bacteria MHC |
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| stimulus comes on, over time neurons respond less frequently |
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| why sensory systems like change |
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Definition
| without change they begin to adapt, and sensations go away as neural response declines. |
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| the pathways for 2 different stimuli overlap, so fatigue from one influences the other. |
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| change in d': change in sensitivity |
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| (beta) change in one's bias |
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| eye movements: saccades and fixations |
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| endogenos control. very fast. |
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| eye movement: pursuit movement |
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| exogenous control- there has to be an object to follow of eye movement to be smooth |
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| slide seen initially perfected, then content fades to neutral gray. |
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| blood vessels in eye that we dont normally see be nearby receptors are adapted to normalized images |
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| photopic, scotopic and mesotopic light catching systems |
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Definition
| day vision (color, cones), night visions (black white, rods), both (room light) |
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Definition
| when in the midst of a constant loud noise, they clench and dampen the sound by 3x |
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| why the vision system isnt super sensitive |
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| the range of neural spikes/time is narrow. Sustained firing at maximal rate can damage tissue. |
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| orientation of visual field is upside-down and backwards |
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| eyes of newts can be rotated 180 degrees so that react to stimuli backwards |
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| George stratton, Ivo kohler |
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| experiments with inverting goggles. resulted in proficient adaption, reorganization of the cortex, and a change in body schema |
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| presence of cold, hot sensors on skin |
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| a grid placed on the hand shows that over the course of several days particular areas remain sensitive to either hot or cold |
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| high freq, responds to vibration |
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| located in meissener, triggered when skin is touched, but hair is not. |
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| measure the distance at which two points are perceived as one. affected by lateral inhibition and size of receptive fields |
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| ennervated patches of skin. all skin ennervated by at least 2 overlapping dermatomes. They gather and go to the dorsal root-entering the spine on the back side |
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| pain receptor distribution |
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| in important areas. different from pressure, warm cold, etc |
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| when tissue damaged, histamine released, tissue swells, compresses nerve endings triggering pain. |
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| touch decussation vs pain decussation |
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| touch in brain stem, pain in spinal cord. Two different areas for sharp vs. dull pain |
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| mislocation of amputated arm |
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| ex:stoking cheek produces sensation in missing thumb, finger. due to cortical takeover. |
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| system which transmits pain that incorporates moderating signals from the brain' |
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| on tendons of extrafusal muscles (long muscles within bundles, slow twitch). used during isotonic exercise when there are changes in muscle length |
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Definition
| in the intrafusal muscles (short muscles within bundles, fast twitch), used during isometric exercise. |
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| eye movement: pursuit movement |
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Definition
| exogenous control- there has to be an object to follow of eye movement to be smooth |
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| touch + kinesthetics. can be tested by grasping shape and guess what it is with eyes closed |
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| 6 degrees of freedom in movement. In ear: 3 semicircular canals |
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| when movement occurs, these small "rocks" retain inertia, telling hairs about movement |
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| provides front and back movement info |
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| aka doll reflex where eyes close when head tilted back. 3 neuron |
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| 3rd derivative (of motion) |
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| change in accelerate (jerk). vestibular responds to. |
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| structure in semicircular canal. when pushed by movement (inertial) sense movement |
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| slightly salted liquid within semicircular canals. When density is affected by alcohol, changes way the crista is affected by movement. |
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| all signals can be analyzed into sine waves of different frequency, amplitude and phase |
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| whole is sum of the parts |
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| temiddle ear: malleus, incas, stapes |
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| middle ear muscle. filter |
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| filled with incompressible hemolymph |
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| cochlea-cochlear nucleus-- superior olivary nucleus--interior culliculus--medial geniculus-- primary auditory cortex |
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| superior olivary nucleus (function) |
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| compares timing of sides of noise perception |
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| when eyebrown raised, stapedius muscle contracts, filtering our sound |
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| ossicular dampening (effects) |
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Definition
| as much as 30dB attenuation below 500Hz. |
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Definition
| uniform, temporary hearing loss due to exposure to loud sounds. lasts minutes to hours. |
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| tone dip (permanent hearing loss) |
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| over years of exposure to loud, small ranges of sounds |
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| too much earwax, ear plugs |
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| 2 types of results: identification (fast), discrimination (task) |
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| next to primary auditory cortex (across sulkus from somatosensory). for speech understanding |
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| used for speech production |
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| contradictory. Mueller says all signals are endogenous. ESP posits signals bypassing CNS |
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| when a question that should generate a random array of responses doesn't. very important to consider in studies |
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| autoganzfeld experiements |
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| ESP study with sender and reciever which was able to reject null hypothesis of NO ESP |
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| one says phenomenon exists, but it doesn't (not preferred) |
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| one says the phenomenon does not exist, but it does (biased towards in science) |
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