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Perception of Pitch & Loudness
Science of Human Comm Final
42
Science
Undergraduate 2
12/12/2010

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Term
Psychoacoustics
Definition
subjective human perception of sounds (amplitude, frequency, masking)
Term
Perception of Amplitude
Definition
-physical measurement and related to degree of which medium is displaced
-LOUDNESS is ampltidues perceptual corrletaion
Term
we are most senstive to sounds of what frequency?
Definition
1-5kHz
Term
whats the threshold of pain (upper limit)
Definition
120-130 dB SPL
Term
whats the lower limit threshold of hearing?
Definition
0 dB SPL
Term
How is loudness encoded?
Definition
higher amplitudes that will displace the basilar membrane w/ great intensity
-frequency-dependent neurons will fire with greater intensity
Term
how is loudness measured?
Definition
-match test sound to comparison sound (1000hz usually)
-magnitude estimation-rating loudness on numerical scale
Term
What are "phons" and what do they do?
Definition
a unit of measure used to examine the relationship of intensity and loudness.
x axis=frequency
y axis=sound pressure
Term
Phon process
Definition
ask listener to compare loudness of 2 sounds that have different frequencies and once the 2 sounds are equal, the actual sound pressure is plotted of each sound.
Term
so whats our dynamic range?
Definition
0 dB-130 dB
Term
Describe the perception of frequency
Definition
phsyical measurement related to how often a sound source vibrates in a medium.
-perceptually, frequency is pitch!
Term
What is the range of frequency perception limited by?
Definition
Basilar membrane
apex responds to low sounds about 20 Hz
base responds to high sounds about 20,000Hz
Term
soo frequency dynamic range of perception is..
Definition
20-20,000Hz
Term
How is frequency coded?
Definition
bc the cochlea is tonotopically organized, it is coded by the cochlear nucleus.
*tonotopic organization in inferior colliculus
Term
Tonotopic organization
Definition
different parts of the auditory structures respond to sounds at different frequencies..but not all frequencies are equally represented
Term
Frequency sensitivity in tonotopic organization is more _____________ than ___________ ?
Definition
logarhythmic, linear
Term
3 scales of pitch perception?
Definition
1. koenig scale 2. Mel scale 3.Semitone Scale
Term
Koenig scale
Definition
*rarely used
semi-log scale.
-frequencies below 1000 Hz plotted lineraly
-frequencies above 1000Hz plotted logarhythmically
Term
Mel Scale
Definition
-frequency estimation w/ 1000 Hz standard
Term
Semitone Scale
Definition
frequency resopnse explained in terms of musical notes
1 octave=doubling frequency=12 musical notes
-each increasing note represents one semitone
Term
semitone musical notes..
Definition
C, C#, D, D#, E, F, F#, G, G#, A, A#, B, C
so C-C#=1 semitone
C-A#=10 semitones
Term
Masking
Definition
occurs when the perception of one sound is affected by the perception of another
Term
simultaneous masking
Definition
where the frequency components interact with one another
Term
temportal masking
Definition
where the temporal componants interact with one another
Term
first step in process of perception involves what?
Definition
separating an utterance into individual words
Term
breaking an acoustic stream into individual words is what?
Definition
speech segmentation
Term
T/F: speech segmentation (boundaries) does not differ for each languages?
Definition
FALSE...that is why it must be learned
Term
What NEw MEthod is used as a cue for speech segmentation?
Definition
Head-turn preference Procedure
(familiarization and testing)
Term
1. Prosodic Structure Que
Definition
listeners can do and use info about stress patterns to figure out word boudaries.
English=trochaic stress patterns
French=iambic
Polish=penultimate syllable
Term
Trochaic is stressed on which syllable
Definition
1st syllable
Term
Iambic (french) is stress on which syllable?
Definition
2nd
Term
What is the youngest age at which babies of English speaking homes preferred to listen to trochaic words?
Definition
9 months
Term
phonotactices
Definition
rules/probabilities governing how phenomes can be combined
ex: english seprates d and b
Term
Sequential Phonotactics
Definition
languages differ in how they allow phonemes to be ordered in words of the language
ex: we dont allow ŋ or ʒ to start a word but chinese does
Term
Sequential Phonotactics--at what age do babies of dutch and america (both have same phonemes) preferred to listen to lists of words from their own native language
Definition
9 months old
Term
Probabilistic Phonotactics
Definition
infants preference for more frequently used sounds vs. less frequently used sounds and combinations starts at about 9 months. (liked listening to word lists with higher frequency phonotactic patterns)
Term
Allophonic variation...how old when infants know how different phonemes should sound in different words?
Definition
By 10½ months
Term
Bootstrapping
Definition
using knowledge at one level of language to help figure out another level of language
Term
semantic bootstrapping
Definition
-using knowledge of word meanings to figure out grammer
Term
syntatic bootstrapping
Definition
using grammatical knowledge to to figure out word meanings
Term
Statistical Cues
Definition
keeping tracks of units that consistantly appear together
-8 month olds hear continuous stream w/ no word boundaries
Term
T/F: Infants prefer to listen to whole words rather than part words?
Definition
TRUE->attending to units that consistently appear together
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