Term
| What is the order in which light travels through the layers of the retina? |
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Definition
Light passes through ganglion cells, then bipolar cells, then photoreceptors
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Term
| What are 3 bottom-up influences on the perceptual process? |
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Definition
Salient information
Motion
Changes and abrupt onsets
Powerful stimuli |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of perception experiments? |
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Definition
| Stimulus-behavior, Stimulus-physiology, and Physiology-behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Change the stimulus and behavior changes |
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Term
Knowledge is often used for _____
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Definition
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Term
| Knowledge is always used for ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Compared to humans, what can bees see? |
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Definition
| Bee sees less visible light than humans (can't see red), but more UV |
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Term
| Name the two photoreceptors |
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Definition
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Term
For seeing in the dark, when do we rely on cones, and when do we rely on rods
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Definition
| Rely on cones for the first 10 minutes and rely on rods after 30 minutes |
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Term
| What part of our visual field has better dark vision early on vs later on? |
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Definition
| The center of our visual field (fovea where cones are) is better at dark vision earlier, whereas the periphery (where the rods are out) is better later on |
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Term
| What are the 7 steps of the perceptual process, in the correct order? |
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Definition
| Distal stimulus, Proximal stimulus, Receptors Processes (including transduction), Neural Processing, Conscious perception, Recognition, and Action |
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Term
| What are three senses that other animals have that we don't? |
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Definition
Magnetoreception
Electroreception
Infrared Vision |
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Term
| Describe 3 properties of infant vision and/or photoreceptors |
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Definition
1. Infant cones are shorter and have less surface area for visual pigments
2. Low visual acuity
3. Peripheral vision at first, while fovea is bad
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Term
_______ allow photoreceptors to send signals to each other
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Definition
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Term
_______ allow ganglion cells to send signals to each other |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Electromagnetic radiation that is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Both a particle and a wave. |
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Term
| If an experiment shows a blob with various backgrounds (ex on a road vs on someone's foot). What is experiment illustrating? |
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Definition
| We use contextual knowledge to recognize an object |
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Term
| Define the fovea and name the three reasons why it is special |
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Definition
Center region of the retina, and the center of our visual field as a result
1. Has only cones, and cones are higher resolution
2. The light is focused there (by the cornea and lens)
3. The neural cells are pushed aside, forming a pit, so light gets to photoreceptors directly |
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Term
| What are the five examples of top-down influences on the perceptual process? |
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Definition
Knowledge
Memory
Goals
Expectations
Rewards and Motivation |
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Term
How do neural convergence and spatial summation differ between the fovea and the rest of the retina?
What is the consequence of this for light sensitivity and resolution? |
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Definition
Neural convergence is lower in the fovea, meaning spatial summation is lower in the fovea
This makes foveas less light sensitive but with higher resolution |
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Term
| What are three reasons light is particularly useful for vision? |
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Definition
Light passes through the atmosphere
Light reflects off most things
Light waves are a good size for the things we want to see |
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Term
If light is shined on a visual receptor, what happens to nearby receptors?
What is this phenomenon called?
What does it do for vision? |
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Definition
If a light is shined on a visual receptor, nearby receptors decrease neural firing.
This is called lateral inhibition
It enhances vision for edges and increases contrast |
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Term
| What are the eye conditions and their corresponding part of the eyes? |
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Definition
Glaucoma - aqueous humor
Astigmatism - Cornea
Cataracts - Lens
Myopia/ hyperopia - Lens
(Acanthamoeba - cornea) |
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Term
| Describe the difference between perception and recognition? |
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Definition
Perception: knowing that something is there (sound, sight, etc.)
Recognition: being able to assign meaning to it |
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Term
Through the process of ____, the _____ muscles around the lens to _____ in response to closer stimuli
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Definition
| accomodation, ciliary, thicken |
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Term
______ is the difficulty seeing close objects
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the difficulty seeing distant objects |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe receptor processes, using at least 2 key terms that you learned in the class, and give an example for a specific sense |
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Definition
Receptors convert the proximal stimulus into electrical signals via transduction
Visual receptors turn light into electrical energy |
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Term
| Photoreceptors representing lighter regions generate ____ lateral inhibition than photoreceptors representing darker regions |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the properties of visual pigments (where they are and what they do) |
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Definition
| Visual pigments are on both rods and cones. They change shape in response to light. They do transduction. They regenerate. |
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Term
| What are some of the medical breakthroughs that have restored perception to people? |
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Definition
1. Cochlear Implant
2. Artificial retina
3. Prosthetic limbs that can feel
4. Brain implants for vision |
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