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| Inverse Projection Problem |
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Definition
| The idea that a particular image on the retina could have been caused by an infinite number of different objects. Thus, the retinal image does not unambiguously specify a stimulus. |
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| The process by which small elements become perceptually grouped into larger objects. |
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| Law of Perceptual Organization |
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Definition
Series of rules proposed by the Gestalt psychologists that specify how we organize small parts into wholes. Some of these laws are common fate, familiarity, good continuation, good figure, nearness, and similarity. Most of these laws were originally propsed by the Gestalt psychologists, but modern researchers have proposed some additional laws. |
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| The brain tends to "complete" otherwise "incomplete" contours. (Kanizsa Triangle) |
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| A Gestalt law of perceptual organization that states that things are more likely to form groups when the groups appear familiar or meaningful. |
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| A Gestalt law of perceptual organization that states that points that, when connected result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together, and lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path. |
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| A Gestalt law of perceptual organization that states that things that are near to each other appear to be grouped together. Also called the law of nearness. |
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| A Gestalt law stating that similar things appear to be grouped together. |
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| A Gestalt law of perceptual organization that states that things that are moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together. |
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*A rule of thumb that provides a "best guess" estimate of the identity of a particular stimulus.
* A procedure that is guaranteed to result in solution to a problem. For example, the procedures we learn for addition,& subtraction are algorithms. |
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| Limitations of Gestalt principles |
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Definition
| Principles are good at describing what people perceive, but they do not explain why they perceive as they do. |
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| Trichormatic Color Theory |
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Definition
| A theory proposing that our perception of color is determined by the ratio of activity in three receptor mechanisms. with different spectral sensitivities. |
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| when shown any "pure" color (single wavelength) subjects could exactly match that color only when provided with three separate colors.(red,green & blue) |
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| Two lights that have different wavelength distributions but are perceptually identical. |
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| Opponent-Process color theory |
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| A theory originally proposed by Hering, which claimed that our perception of color is determined by the activity of tow opponent mechanisms: a blue- yellow, and red-green mechanism. |
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| Certain color combination were never reported by subjects; they had a hard time even imagining these color combination. |
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A condition in which a person perceives no chromatic color. This can be caused by absent or malfunctioning cone receptors or by cortical damage.
*Protanopia- red/green color blindness
blue until 492, see gray then yellow
*Deuteranopia- red/green color blindess
Blue until 498, see gray then yellow.
* Tritanopia- blue/yellow color blindness
Green until 570, see gray then red. |
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| A loss of color vision caused by damage to the cortex. |
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| The effect in which the perception of an object's hue remains constant even when the wavelength distribution of the illumination is changed. |
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| When and object reflects some wavelengths of the spectrum more than others. |
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| The fuzzy border at the edge of a shadow. |
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| cuing sources that the brain uses to "construct" the 3 dimension (depth) |
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| brain keeps track of the convergent state of both eyes to determine distance to the object. |
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| occurs when the retinal images of an object fall on disparate points on the two retinas. |
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| depth cue, cush as overlap, relative size, relative height, familiar size, linear perspective, movement parallax, and accommodation, that works when we use only one eye. |
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| Depth cue, such as overlap, relative height, and relative size, that can be depicted in pictures. |
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| monocular cues that cannot be represented on a static 2-D image. |
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| The impression of depth that results from binocular disparity- the difference in the position of images of the same object on the retinas of the two eyes. |
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| A device that presents pictures to the left and the right eyes so that the binocular disparity a person would experience when viewing an actual scene is duplicated. The result is a convincing illusion of depth. |
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| The angle of an object relative to an observer's eyes. This angle can be determined by extending two lines from the eye- one to one end of an object and the other to the other end of the object. Because an object's visual angle is always determined relative to an observer, its visual angle changes as the distance between the object and the observer changes. |
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| A law stating that the size of an afterimage depends on the distance of the surface against which the afterimage is viewed. The farther away the surface, the larger the afterimage appears. |
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A hypothesized mechanism that helps maintain size constancy by taking an object's perceived distance into account. According to this mechanism, an object's perceived size, S, is determined by multiplying the size of the retinal image, R, times the object's perceived distance, D.
S= R x D |
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| Occurs when the size of an object is perceived to remain the same even when it is viewed from different distances |
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| An illusion consisting of two lines of equal length that appear to be different lengths because of the addition of "fins" to the ends of the lines. |
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| An illusion of size in which two objects of equal size that are positioned between two converging lines appear to be different in size. (railroad tack illusion) |
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| An illusion in which the moon appears to be larger when it is on or near the horizon that when it is high in the sky. |
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| An explanation of the moon illusion that is based on the idea that the horizon moon, which is viewed across the filled space of the terrain, should appear farther away than the zenith moon, which is viewed through the empty space of the sky. This theory states that because the horizon and zenith moons have the same visual angle, the farther appears horizon moon should appear larger. |
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| vaulted heavens/flat-dome |
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Definition
| people perceive the shape of the sky. Horizon sky appears more distant than the zenith sky. |
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| refers to our ability to perceive actual motion |
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| perceived motion but not actual motion |
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| easier to see motion when background is heterogeneous.(textured) |
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| When moving at the same actual rate, a smaller object appears to move faster than a larger object.(due to misapplication of speed constancy) |
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| Corollary Discharge Theory |
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Definition
| According to this theory of motion perception, a corollary discharge signal, which is a copy of the signal sent from the motor area to initiate an eye movement, is sent to a structure called the comparator. At the comparator, information in the corollary discharge is compared to the sensory movement signal. If the corollary discharge signal and the sensory movement signal do not cancel each other, movement is perceived. |
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| perceptual vector analysis |
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| suggests that motion perception of an object depends upon motion of the other object nearby. |
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| vectors that are common, cancel out. |
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| the remaining vectors for the basis of perceived motion. |
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| Gibson's Ecological Theory |
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| Suggests that all the information we need to perceive motion is provided directly on the retina. |
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| The flow of stimuli in the environment that occurs when an observer moves relative to the envronment. Forward movement is causes an expanding optic flow, whereas backward movement causes a contracting optic flow. The term optic flow field is used by some researchers to refer to this flow. |
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| f.o.e.(Focus on Expansion) |
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Definition
| as distance of viewing increases the rate of optic flow across the retina decreases until it reaches a point where all motion appears to start. The cue provides info about direction of motion |
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| indicates the course of travel and provides feedback as how to change course of travel. |
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| rate of angular expanision |
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Definition
| rate at which proximal stimulus changes size on retina provide inof about impending collision |
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