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Perception Ch. 15-Chemical Senses
N/A
23
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
05/03/2011

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Term
Neurogenesis
Definition
Constant renewal of the receptors
Term
Macrosmatic and micosmatic
Definition
Macrosmatic: keen sense of smell important to survival
Microsmatic: less keen and not so crucial to survival
Term
pheromones
Definition
chemical signals released by an individual that affect the physiology and behavior of others
Term
Human olfactory receptors
Definition
can be excited by the action of 1 molecule of oderant.

-Similar to vision, in which a rod receptor can be activated by the action of just 1 quantum of light.
Term
Olfactory mucosa
Definition
Located high in the nasal cavity that contains receptors for olfaction
-Olfactory receptor neurons located in the mucosa
Term
Just as the rod and cone receptors in the retina contain molecules called visual pigments that are sensitive to light...
Definition
olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in the mucosa are dotted w/ molecules called olfactory receptors that are sensitive to chemical oderants.
Term
Other parallels between visual pigments and olfactory receptors
Definition
-Both proteins that cross the membrane of the receptor neurons
-Both sensitive to a specific range of
stimuli
-Just as rod or cone receptors contain only one type of visual pigment, a particular ORN has only one type of response
Term
Difference between visual and olfactory system
Definition
4 types of receptors in vision (1 rod, 3 cone), 350 types of olfactory receptors
Term
Calcium imaging
Definition
When an olfactory receptor responds, the concentration of calcium ions increases inside the ORNs
Term
ORNs send signals
Definition
to structures called glomeruli in the olfactory bulb
-each glomerulus therefore collects info about the firing of a specific type of ORN
Term
The functional group associated with a particular type of compound
Definition
determines the general area of the olfactory bulb that is activated, and the compound's chain length determines the position
-Also based the odor that is perceived
Term
Higher order Olfactory processing
Definition
olfactory bulb->piriform (aka primary olfactory) cortex->orbitofrontal (secondary olfactory) cortex
Term
Basic taste qualities
Definition
Bitter, sweet, sour, salty and umami (Brothy or meaty)
Term
Papillae
Definition
4 types: Filiform (all over tongue), Fungiform (tip and sides), foliate (back and sides) and circumvillate (back of tongue)
Term
Each taste bud contains
Definition
50-100 taste cells, which have tips that protrude into the taste pore.

-Transuction occurs when chemicals contact receptor sites located on the tips of these taste cells.
Term
Electrical signals in taste cells are transmitted to the
Definition
-chorda tympani nerve
-glossopharyngeal nerve
-vagus nerve
-superficial petronasal nerve
Term
Fibers from the tongue, mouth and throat make connections
Definition
in the brain stem in the nucleus of the solitary tract->thalamus->frontal lobe (insula and frontal operculum cortex)
Term
Taste fibers also reach the
Definition
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) which receives olfactory signals
Term
Distributed coding
Definition
Solutions judged more similar psychophysically had similar patterns of firing
Term
Amilioride
Definition
Blocks the flow of sodium into taste receptors
-Aligns with specificity theory in taste
Term
Color perception depends on the combined response of both long and medium wavelength pigments. Similarly,
Definition
salt stimuli may cause high firing neurons that respond best to salt, but other neurons are involved in creating saltiness.
Term
Flavor
Definition
taste + olfaction
Term
The OFC receives inputs from the primary cortical areas for taste and olfaction, as well as..
Definition
the primary somatosensory cortex and the inferotemporal cortex in the visual ventral pathway
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