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| Increase in the density of molecules near the diaphragm-increase in air pressure |
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| The size of the pressure change |
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| The number of times per second that the pressure changes repeat. |
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| The repetition rate of a complex tone |
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| Sine-wave components are added together to create a complex tone |
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| The level of the auditory stimulus |
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| The attribute of auditory sensation in terms of which sounds may be ordered on a musical scale. |
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| Just as we see light within only a narrow band of wavelengths called the visible spectrum... |
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| we hear sound within a specific range of frequencies called the range of hearing |
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| Indicates the threshold for hearing determined by free-field presentation (no earbuds) vs. frequency |
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| Indicates the number of decibels that create the same perception of loudness at diff frequencies |
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| The quality that distinguishes between 2 tones that have the same loudness, pitch and duration; but still sound different |
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| Auditory system must accomplish 3 tasks before we can hear: |
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Definition
1. Must deliver sound stimulus to the receptors
2. Must transduce the stimulus from pressure changes into electrical signals
3. Process these electrical signals so they can indicate qualities of the sound source such as pitch, timbre, loudness and location |
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| Sound waves first pass through the... |
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Definition
| outer ear, which consists of the pinna and the auditory canal. Auditory canal has the tympanic membrane |
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| Occurs in the auditory canal when sound waves that are reflected back from the closed end of the auditory canal interact with waves entering the canal |
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| Contains ossicles (malleus-> incus -> stapes). The stapes transmits its vibrations to the inner ear by pushing on the oval window. |
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| The cochlear partition contains the |
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Receptors for hearing
-located on Organ of Corti |
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| Where the sound acts to produce electrical signals |
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| Supports the Organ of Corti and vibrates in response to sound |
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| Responsible for transduction in hearing.. |
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| The cilia of the inner hair cells |
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| To increase the vibration of the basilar membrane |
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| Movement in one direction opens channels in the membrane, and ions flow into the cell. |
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| Electrical signals occur... |
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| In neurons when ions flow across the cell membrane |
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| According to place theory.. |
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Definition
| low frequencies cause maximum activity in the hair cells and auditory nerve fibers at the apex of the basilar membrane, and high frequencies cause maximum activity in hair cells and audiotry nerve fibers at the base of the membrane |
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| Maximum displacement of the basilar membrane |
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Definition
| Hair cells located near the place where the basilar membrane vibrates the most will be stimulated the most strongly, snd the nerve fibers associated w/ these hair cells will therefore fire most strongly |
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| map of frequencies along the length of the cochlea |
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| Determined by presenting pure tones of different frequencies and measuring how many decibels are necessary to cause the neuron to fire |
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| Evidence of the link between frequency and activation of specific places along the basilar membrane: |
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Definition
1. Traveling wave
2. Tonotopic maps on the cochlea
3. frequency tuning curves
4. Masking experiments |
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| Basilar membrane and complex tones |
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Definition
| Membrane vibrates to the fundamental and each harmonic |
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| Firing at the same place in the sound stimulus |
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| The connection between the frequency of a sound stimulus and the timing of the auditory nerve fiber |
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| Auditory nerve fibers from the cochlea synapse in a sequence of |
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Definition
| subcortical structures: structures below the cerebral cortex |
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| Cochlear nucleus->auperior olivary nuclei->inferior colliculus (midbrain) and medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) |
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| From the medial geniculate nucleus |
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Definition
| fibers continue to the primary auditory receiving area (A1), in the temporal lobe of the cortex |
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SON=superior olivary nuclei
IC=Inferior colliculus
MG=medial geniculate nucleus |
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| Additional auditory areas |
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| Core, belt and parabelt areas |
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| Ventral and Dorsal Streams for Hearing |
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Ventral (what): starts at the anterior (front) of the core and belt, and extends to the prefrontal cortex. Identifying sounds
Dorsal (where): Starts in posterior (rear) of core and belt, and extends to the parietal cortex and prefrontal cortex. Locating sounds |
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| How Auditory Cortex is shaped by experience |
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-Musical training enlarges the area of the auditory cortex
-Electrical activity elicited from the auditory areas of professional musicians is twice as strong as nonmusicians |
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| Even when the fundamental or other harmonics are removed, |
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Definition
| the repetition rate of the stimulus remains the same, so perception of the tone's pitch stays the same |
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