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| Grassy, treeless areas used for livestock grazing and farming |
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| Chain of mountain ranges that run through the western portion of North, Central and South America |
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| A savanna with flat terrain and moderate rainfall which makes it suitable for farming |
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| Areas of grassland and rich soil |
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| A river mainly in Venezuela and part of South America's northernmost river system |
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| Second Largest River in the world, and one of South America's three major river systems, running about 4,000 miles from west to east, and emptying into the atlantic ocean |
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| Travels about 3,000 miles south and west through Paraguay and Argentina, where it is fed by several rivers, and then turns eastward |
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| Dense forests made up of different species of trees. They form a unique ecosystem- one here plants and animals live in balance. Hot and rainy all year round |
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| The cutting of trees, brush, and grasses and then burning the aforementioned elements to clear the field. |
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| An ancient technique for growing crops on hillsides and mountain slopes. Workers/farmers would cut step-like horizontal fields into hillsides and slopes, which allowed steep land to be cultivated for crops (Reduces soil erosion) |
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| Factors that push people to leave rural areas. (Poor medical care, education, jobs) |
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| Factors that pull people toward cities |
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| the basic support systems needed to keep an economy going, including power, communications, transportation, water sanitation, and education systems. |
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| CHAPTER 10! Spanish Conquest |
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| Tore the native life of mexico apart in 1815. Hernando cortes landed on the coast of mexico and marched his men into the interior of the country until they reached the aztec city of Tenochtitlan |
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| institutional revolutionary party |
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| helped introduce democracy and maintain political stability for much of the 20th century (in mexico) |
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| People of mixed spanish and native American Heritage |
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| Factories in Mexico that assemble imported materials into finished products that are exported, mostly to the US |
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| North American Free Trade Agreement-- Helps contribute to the economic prosperity of its member nations |
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| A place from which important ideas spread. usually the heartland or place of origin of a major culture |
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| United Provinces of Central America |
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Definition
| Was called central america before the spanish conquest Declared independence from mexico and changed its name in 1823 |
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| Cuts through the land bridge and connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Made the exchange of both goods and ideas possibly |
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| Began in trinidad. Brings musical elements all fed into the roots of reggae |
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| takes place outside official channels, without benefits or protection for workers. Street vending, shining shoes, and a variety of other activities that provide people with a small income |
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| Descendants of people who came across a land bridge from Siberia to Alaska and eventually crossed the Isthmus of panama into South America |
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| Language of the Inca People |
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| An economic common market that began operating in the southern cone of south america in 1995 |
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| Gave portugal the land that is now present day Brazil |
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| Most colorful feast day in brazil |
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| A brazilian dance with African Influences |
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| A martial art and dance that developed in Brazil from African Origins |
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| A wide range of plant and animal species |
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| Cutting down and clearing away of trees |
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| A debt-reducing deal wherein an organization agrees to pay off a certain amount of government debt in return for government protection of a certain portion of rainforest |
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| Government run by a few persons or a small group |
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| military dictator or political boss |
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| the process of breaking up large landholdings and giving portions of the land to land-poor peasant farmers |
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Definition
| Steep U-shaped valleys that connect to the sea and that filled with seawater after the glaciers melted |
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| uplands of France; Accounts for about 1/16 of French lands |
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| hills or very low mountains that may also contain mesas and high plateaus |
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| Partially decayed plant matter found in bogs |
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| Central Plateau of France |
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| A current of warm water from the tropics |
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| Hot, steady south wind that blows from North Africa across the Mediterranean Sea into southern europe. |
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| A cold, dry wind from the north |
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| land that is reclaimed by diking and draining |
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| Structures that are used to control the sea's destructive impact on human life |
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| A political unit made up of a city and its surrounding lands |
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| A government in which citizens elect representatives to rule in their name |
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| A series of wars to take palestine from the muslims |
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| A time of renewed interest in learning and the arts that lasted from the 14th through the 16th century. |
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| Structures that carried water for long distances |
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| The economic union of belgium, the netherlands, and luxembourg |
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| A period when many christians broke away from the catholic church and started protestant churches |
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| A political system in which powerful lords owned most of the land |
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| extreme pride in one's country |
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| nazi capture of Jews and those who did not fir the "perfect race" and put them into concentration camps and had them executed. |
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| The barrier separating Berlin into two pieces of land |
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| Finland, Iceland, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden |
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| a representative lawmaking body whose members are elected and appointed |
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| Section of scotland where there are many high-tech companies |
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| A place where various cultures cross paths |
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| refers to the process of a region breaking up into small, mutually hostile units |
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| nations dominated by another country |
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| an economy in which industries make the kind of goods the consumers want |
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| discrimination against Jews |
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| serbian leader tried to increase serbia's power over Yugoslavia |
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| Slavs setting in the balkan peninsula from poland and russia |
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| the policy of trying to eliminate an ethnic group through violence |
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| Kosovo Liberation Army-- Carr led out attacks against serbian officials |
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| elected leader of yugoslavia (2000) |
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| European Environmental Agency |
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| set up by the EU--provides the EU with reliable information about the environment |
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| very small particles of liquid or solid matter |
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| a form of oxygen that cause health problems |
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| A depression in the Earth |
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| Worlds longest river (In Egypt) |
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| Africa's tallest mountain (also a volcano) |
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| steep slope with a nearly flat plateau on top |
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| largest desert in the world. 3,000 miles across the continent (africa) |
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| the places that water has come to the surface |
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| northern tanzania. An example of tropical grassland |
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| uppermost layer of branches, about 150 ft above the ground |
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| the region that contains most of Nigeria's oil |
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| Narrow band of dry grassland that runs east to west along the southern edge of the sahara |
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Definition
| expansion of dry conditions into moist areas that are next to deserts |
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| Completed in 1970; on the Nile River; increased Egypt's farmable land by 50% and protected it from droughts and floods |
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| CHAPTER 19!! Olduvai Gorge |
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| Emerged into present day ethiopia. an important trading center and contributed to its expansion and power |
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| 1884-1885. To lay down rules to divide africa. No African leader was invited to attend |
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| Coffee, tea, and sugar. Growth for direct sale |
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| an eastern african ethnic group that lives on the grasslands of the rift valleys in Kenya and Tanzania |
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| uncontrollable outbreak of a disease affecting a large population over a wide geographic area. |
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| City in ancient africa. Peninsula on the gulf of tunis |
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| Monotheistic religion; based on the teachings of muhammad |
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| music developed in the 1920's by poor urban children. Fast paced and contains elements of popular western music |
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| An island once served as one of the busiest points for exporting slaves during the slave trade |
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| A society in which people rely on family lineages to govern themselves, rather than an elected government or monarch |
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| Known for their work in weaving colorful Kente Cloth |
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| mass migration of the Bantu people southward throughout africa |
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| Belgian king who opened up the african interior to european trade along the congo river and by 1884 controlled the area known as congo free state. |
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| leader of the democratic republic of the congo (1967-1997) brought the country's businesses under national control. |
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| Carved boxes containing the skulls and bones of deceased ancestors, created by The Fang |
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| Established by the Shona; is now what we know as Zimbabwe |
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| a state founded in the 15th century by a man named mutua that extended throughout all of the present day zimbabwe (excluding eastern) |
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| Complete separation of the races |
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| One of the leaers of the ANC-- ended up being imprisoned due to his attempt to end apartheid |
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| CHAPTER 21!! Golan Heights |
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Definition
| a hilly plateau overlooking the Jordan River and the sea of Galilee; A strategic location that has been the site of conflict in southwest asia for decades |
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Definition
| Riverbeds that remain dry except during rainy seasons |
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| One of the most important rivers of southwest asia; it supported several ancient river valley civilizations and flows through parts turkey, Syria, and Iraq |
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Definition
| A river of southwest asia which supported several ancient civilizations and flows through parts of turkey, syria, and iraq |
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| River that serves as a natural boundary between israel and Jordan, flowing from the mountains of lebanon with no outlet to the mediterranean sea |
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| A vast desert approximately the size of texas (on the Arabian Peninsula) |
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Definition
| An area in the desert where vegetation is found because water is available, usually from underground |
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Definition
| formed when winds evaporated the moisture in the soil, chemical salts remain |
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Definition
| the practice of using small pipes that slowly drip to conserve crops |
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| petroleum that has not been processed |
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| the removal of salt from ocean water |
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| Used to convert the crude oil into useful products |
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| water pumped from underground aquifers |
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| founder of islam; prophet |
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| Religious leaders control the government |
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| Organization of Petroleum exporting countries |
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| Where muslim believe prophet Muhammad rose into heaven |
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| Movement which goal was to create and support a jewish homeland in palestine |
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| Palestine Liberation Organization |
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Definition
| Formed to regain the land for Palestine Arabs |
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Definition
| Ethnic group in South Western Asia. Live in Kurdistan. |
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| A region in southwest asia between the Tigris and Euphrates, which was the location of some of the earliest civilization in the world. (In the Fertile Crescent) |
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| Represents 83% of Muslims |
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| Protected Osama bin Laden and his al-qaeda terrorist network in Afghanistan |
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| CHAPTER 23! Guest Workers |
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Definition
| Largely unskilled workers |
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Definition
| a nation of people without a land to legally occupy |
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| Arabs whos descendants lived or still live in the area formally called Palestine |
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| A strip of land on the west side of the Jordan river |
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| a territory along the mediterranean sea just northeast of the sinai peninsula |
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| A resource so important that nations will go to war to ensure its steady supply |
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Definition
| The skills and talents of people |
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| CHAPTER 24!! Himalaya Mountains |
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Definition
| A mountain range in south Asia that includes mount everest, the world tallest mountain peak |
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Definition
| A large land mass that is smaller than a continent |
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| Lands that are rich farmlands |
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| low-lying tops of submerged volcanoes surrounded by coral reefs and shallow lagoon |
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| Seasonal winds and rainstorms |
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Definition
| violent storms with fierce winds and heavy rains |
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| Religion of most indians (Know this for the ESSAY!) |
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Definition
| river in south asia; an important water resource flowing more than 1,500 miles from its source in a himalayan glacier to the body of Bengal |
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| High waters that swamp low-lying areas |
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Definition
| an arm of the sea at the lower end of a river |
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| CHAPTER 25!! Mughal Empire |
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Definition
| the muslim empire established by the early 1500's over much of india, which brought with it new customs that sometimes conflicted with native hindus |
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| period of Direct british control |
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Definition
| A protest movement that does not use violence |
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| A more balanced distribution of land among farmers |
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| an Agricultural program launched by scientists in the 1960's to develop higher-yielding grain varieties and improve food production by incorporating new farming techniques |
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Definition
| Aryan system of social classes |
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| Indus Valley Civilization |
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Definition
| the largest of the world's first civilization in what now is pakistan; this was a highly developed urban civilization, lasting from 2500 BC to about 1500 BC |
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| a region of northern india and pakistan over which several destructive wars have been fought |
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| Made leans available to poor entrepreneurs |
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| People who start and build businesses |
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| A month-long period of fasting from sunrise to sunset |
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| Kingdoms in which the rulers powers are limited by a constitution |
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| A person of tibetan ancestry in Nepal who serves as the traditional mountain guide of the mount everest region |
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| Geometric designs that are symbols of the universe and aid in meditation |
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| an indo-aryan people who crossed the strait separating india and sri lanka in the 6th century BC and who created an advanced civilization there, adopting buddhism |
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| A dravidian Hindu, who arrived in Sri lanka in the 4th century, settling in the north while the sinhalese moved further south. |
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