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Peoples & Cultures
Test 1
81
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
02/14/2010

Additional Anthropology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
what is anthropology?
Definition
an evolutionary, comparative and cross-cultural discipline. a science with hope that looks beyond the reality of what you can touch, feel, and measure.
Term
evolution
Definition
change over time
- evolution vs creation= you can believe whatever you want
-it is a timetable for the process of change (for biological and cultural changes)
Term
culture
Definition
values, morals, atmosphere, customs & traditions, language, food, art, music, dance
- shared values and norms of behavior (morals)
-transmitted from generation to generation
Term
consensus
Definition
shared assumption of reality. you get answers from the questions you ask
Term
cultural relativism
Definition
consider everything in relation to the environment it comes out of
-social, political, traditional, historical aspects
-no judgments, be able to take a step back/ try to not be objective
Term
ethnocentrism
Definition
opposite of cultural relativism
-we are the best, we compare everything to our own ideas. this is a negative thing (we dont want to be like this)
Term
anthropology is a ___________.
Definition
holistic meaning: it takes into consideration how all of the pieces fit together
- geography, psych, biology, sociology, geography, etc all come together into one description= anthropology
Term
how do we get the information that we have?
Definition
-gathered through participant observation (you go to a place to learn about it, being a part of society but still observing, being two steps back from everything)
-more textured teaching through experience
- the research begins qualitatively
Term
5 sub-disciplines of anthropology
Definition
-biological (physical) anthropology: deals with humans as a biological creature
-archeology: deals with the most recent past
-anthropological linguistics: the language part of anthro
-cultural anthropology: the one im taking!
-sociocultural: people right now
Term
applied anthropology
Definition
involves other 4 anthropologies and using what you know in service of other humans. however, asking first what they need and using what you know to do just that
Term
biological anthro
Definition
what peoples bones tell us
-measured skulls, brows, eyefolds
-differences are way smaller than similarities
-interested in putting together the evolutionary sequence
-what makes humans different from one another/other species
-disease, internal genetics, why certain people are affected by certain diseases
Term
neanderthal
Definition
larger brains but no mental capacity: cavemen! loving and caring society
Term
bipedalism
Definition
volcano eruption in Africa, 2 people (an adult and child) walked over ashes and left footprints of two feet
Term
archeology
Definition
about 35 thousand years, the near distant past
-archeologists answer questions about how people lived using objects from the past
Term
how do you go about excavating a huge area?
Definition
how you dig is a product of what you're trying to find out, use very small tools like paintbrushes
- slow, meticulous process (need to document every single thing)
Term
anthropological linguistics
Definition
how does spoken/written language come to be?
what does it take to learn/use language?
process of acquisition of language
language in gender/location
Term
sociocultural anthro
Definition
-answer similar questions but dealing with contemporary people
-during research, you become part of the culture and live with the people
-act like a pest: always asking questions and hanging around
Term
what is research?
Definition
ideas, inspirations are processed through your mind then a specific set of activity
Term
theory
Definition
lenses that you use to make sense of the world, the organizing criteria of explanation. how you prioritize, cause & effect
-depend on the world and your perspective
-the ways in which we make sense of culture
Term
post modernism
Definition
last theory of anthro
-we have gone back to cultural ecology, moving back into systems theory
Term
how do you do field work?
Definition
- begins with an idea or interest/ inspiration
- preliminary investigation
- documentation of observations through field journals, notes and reports
- go to the archives
- informal and formal interviews
- oral history/life history
Term
preliminary investigation
Definition
"pilot study"
where you go to check out the situation
gives you enough info to formulate a research proposal
-what is the specific problem youre addressing? (research ques, hypothesis)
-answer the question, methodology of research (participant observation
Term
documentation of observations
Definition
-use of computer
-photography
-journal: daily reflection/feelings
-notes: daily events
-reports: a lot more formal, allow you to reflect on what is going on
Term
going to the archives
Definition
literature review
-primary sources: you are the first one to use info for something specific (birth and death records, court reports)
-secondary sources: books, online journals, journal articles, newspapapers
Term
informal and formal interviews
Definition
most important thing in cultural anthro
- from the informal ones you can create a questionnaire, do the best you can in a given situation
Term
are interviews good or bad?
Definition
good because direct quotes, tone, anthropologists are lazy/ can hide tape recorders
-bad because makes them uncomfortable, less open
Term
oral histories/life histories
Definition
need ten questions that will guide a person. important to document & write things down
Term
proposal
Definition
-what are the goals?
-what do you want to do with this information?
-never say you are "studying" humans. rather you are learning from somebody
-need to give your endorsers a budget saying exactly what you are spending
Term
do you pay people for information?
Definition
what is the value of the information you get?
don't want it to seem like you are buying information
use of bribes, professional courtesy, permits and gratuity
Term
cultural shock
Definition
homesickness, boredom, withdrawal, irritability, marital stress, need for sleep, compulsive eating, compulsive drinking, exaggerated cleanliness, family tension
Term
why do field work with a partner?
Definition
share your thoughts, intellectual stimulation
train of thoughts
you feel safer
balanced picture of what is going on
different set of skills
support
different gender roles
Term
data analysis (ethnology): what do you do with it?
Definition
-academic journals or books
-popular journals or books
-spin offs such as short stories, novels, poetry, graphics/cartoons, news/newspapers
Term
ethics of research
Definition
the role of the anthropologist
what you call the people you're interviewing
informed consent vs uninformed consent
Term
IRB (institutional review board)
Definition
protect subjects of research, need to inform them of risks
- a lot of issue with this
- people dont want to sign forms
- need their approval if money is involved
Term
Where do the NA peoples of North America come from?
Definition
-cross the bering straits land bridge (alaska and russia)
-either split and went east of rockies or west side of rockies
-settlements in chile
-2nd theory=got to North America by boat along the coast
-possibility of migration from Polynesia: island to island, they were boaters
Term
land based identity
Definition
Native Americans believe where you are now is where you have always been.
Term
What do the Navajo believe about how they emerged?
Definition
-first world: insect beings, get kicked out and some escape to the 2nd world
-second world: everyone is more or less the same, no genders, again some escape
-third world: men and women, eventually realize they need each other, escape to 4th world
-fourth world: glittering world - where we are today
Term
What do the Navajo believe about how they emerged?
Definition
-first world: insect beings, get kicked out and some escape to the 2nd world
-second world: everyone is more or less the same, no genders, again some escape
-third world: men and women, eventually realize they need each other, escape to 4th world
-fourth world: glittering world - where we are today
Term
beliefs about the end of the world
Definition
2012: mayan, end of the long count
2013: hopi, "great shaking"
this cycle is coming to an endl we have the ability to go through the hole, start over, and make things right.
Term
navajo language
Definition
athabascan: only other groups that speak this are the Apache of the southwest and the Cree of canada
Term
DINE
Definition
means "the people". in the 1300s, the navajos arrived in the Dinetah (the people's land). they are initially hunters and gatherers/ foragers)
Term
are navajos related to the pueblos or ancestral pueblos?
Definition
NO. not genetically or linguistically connected to the Hopi, Zuni, etc.
Term
Holy Trinity of the Southwest Farming
Definition
corns, beans, squash
Term
Spanish Arrival
Definition
brought horses, sheep, goats, cattle
navajos began to acquire things through trading
Term
Pueblo Revolt of 1680
Definition
kicked Spanish out, Pueblos hide amongst the Navajo and they begin to intermarry
Term
Navajos became pastoralists
Definition
consummate herders of sheep & goats, an adaptive strategy
- transhumance: they move animals from place to place according to the seasons
Term
hogans
Definition
shaped like a teepee but covered with adobe and soil. it is more structured.
Term
why do things change?
Definition
mostly because of manifest destiny: removals to refugee camps and later to reserved land held in trusts (in exchange for their land, they were given certain assurances that theyd survive - healthcare, education, homes
Term
philosophy of Navajos
Definition
we have the god-given right and obligation to control from coast to coast
Term
diseases Navajos encountered
Definition
acted fast, spread easily, population of animals was reduced
Term
the Long Walk
Definition
Navajos are sent to a place in southern New Mexico (Bosque Redoundo) the problem was that they couldnt grow anything
Term
Biligana
Definition
what navajos call white people
it means steam eaters (coffee)
we put our native americans into refugee camps
realized that navajos were all dying so allowed them to go back to Canyon de Chelly
Term
role of Navajo in WWII
Definition
they fought for THEIR land
they werent even voting members of the population
nobody understood the navajo language so they became codetalkers-transferred information that the japanese could not translate
Term
navajo clans
Definition
every navajo has a series of clans
you are born to your mothers clan
BUT born for your father's clan
arranged marriages!
Term
describe navajo society
Definition
matrilineal: women remains as the power source in society
Term
what does navajo life revolve around?
Definition
the land.
-it is sacred
-given to them by the Holy People
-all rules,regulations and guidelines about how they should live are heard from stories about the land
Term
1933 decree
Definition
Congress turned Canyon de Chelly into a national monument
-federal govt manages it
-they put use rights along the canyon
- people are always visiting, taking pictures, quite a nuisance
Term
boarding school issue
Definition
Navajos were sent away, hair was cut off and they were lined up/ given a religion
-Christianity was popular and still is. they LOVE easter
Term
civil rights movement
Definition
native americans grabbed hold of the attitude and made their own movement (ex. wounded knee)
-some people are still in jail today
Term
descent
Definition
who you are most related to
-the mother's side for navajos
-bilineal descent for americans
Term
residence
Definition
matralocal residence: you get married and for the navajo, the husbands move to the wife's place and land
Term
kinship
Definition
who's related to who tells you the order of society
definition= totality of relationships based on blood and marriage that link individuals and groups in a web of rights and obligation
Term
generational terminology
Definition
anyone on the same line of your parents are also your mother and father!
Term
what is their economic system like?
Definition
-guided by reciprocity
-i give something to you and you give something back
Term
staple navajo food
Definition
fried bread/tortilla
Term
navajo marriages
Definition
-about love but more alliance & exchange
-his family comes to her family and brings gifts
-man pays for the privilege of marrying a woman
-usually there is also some type of labor involved
-discussion is mother to mother
Term
NAC
Definition
native american church
-navajos also practice the peyote religion (comes hand in hand with colonism, pan-indian)
-religion is the most important movement for sobriety on the reservation
Term
religion
Definition
-process of maintaining harmony and balance or in navajo terms ... beauty (Hozho: to walk in beauty, everything is in total harmony with you and the world)
-relationship with the creator
Term
what is health?
Definition
maintaining equilibrium in a wholeistic fashion
-sometimes need help from the sha man= a healer, they are specialists
Term
menstruation
Definition
means power because getting ready to reproduce. age of 52 is when you stop being mother to your children and start to be mother to the world
Term
traditional wedding
Definition
ceremony of harmony and balance
-bride and husband become one
-sha man makes a sand painting on the floor of the hogan
-the more people the better, support the union
Term
is weaving still used today?
Definition
yes, very much
Term
future development for canyon de chelly
Definition
-navajo nation is corrupt, they like that the govt controls everything
-whatever happens, it must be done traditionally. they need to work together
-community meeting/ consultation = best plan
Term
how do navajos view kinship and how does it differ from mainstream definitions of family?
Definition
matriarchial society, matrilineal, matrilocal.
-normal american society is bilineal
-multiple mothers and fathers
-respect for elders
-multigenerations under one roof
-kinship is the building block: tells who has responsibilities to whom
Term
what is the relationship between religion and daily life, and religion and healing?
Definition
harmony and balance with nature
-creation story: 4 worlds
-blend of modern medicine and religious traditions
-magnified by the support you have, steam baths
- you get thrown offbalance if you spend too much time in the white world or if you go to war
Term
How and why did this research of the navajo take place?
Definition
she became a park ranger and established a relationship with them. she developed their trust and understanding
-margarita was an intermediary between the white world and the navajo world. she facilitated everything
-acceptance of the whites
-Dr. Simonelli brought books back (give and take relationship)
Term
What is different about the way the Navajo view their relationship to the world around them?
Definition
creation story
-4 sacred mountains: they are a part of nature
-everything is connected (holistic thinking)
-we are all relatives, slew of environmental ethics, seasonal movement
Term
How do the Navajo explain their place in the universe and the Southwest?
Definition
-4 worlds
-humans came from simpler organisms
-evolution
0humans are part of shared/communal land
-everything is alive: some are just on slower or faster life cycles
Term
How do the Navajo live day to day? How has this changed?
Definition
horticulturalists, pastoralists - supported by wage labor
-weaving
-farming (corn), self-sufficient
-younger generations leaving the reservation
- try to maintain the navajo way and fill the gaps in with western things
-technology is more prominent: cell phones, pick up trucks, computers.
Term
Kin al dah
Definition
4 day long ceremony when a girl enters womanhood
-everyone comes together
-very important!
-man's job is to sing her into beauty
Term
Hatali
Definition
navajo medicine man (it means "singer")
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