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| Chief Oliver Wendell Holmes |
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| formulated the ability of federal courts to limit freedom of speech when there is a "clear and present danger" |
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| Justice John Paul Stephens |
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| Commented that all provisions of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 was UNCONSTIUTIONAL as they apply to indecency |
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| Justice William Rehnquist and Justice Sandra Day O'Connor |
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| The provisions of the Communications Decency Act was UNCONSTITUTIONAL except for communication from one adult w/one or more minors |
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| Chief Justice Charles Evan Hughes |
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| noted that prior restraint is not absolute and may be permissible in war time |
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| Leaked the "Pentagon Papers" which contained detailed analysis of war strategies of the Vietnam War |
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| Said obscenity wasn't within the area of constitutionality protected speech under the 1st amendment |
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| Chief Justice Warren Burger |
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| Noted that a work may be subject to state regulation...if the work does not have any serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value |
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| Comedian who aired "Seven Words You Can Never Say On Television" on WBAI in New York |
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| In 1848 he opened up the 1st advertising company |
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| Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinville |
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| In 1860, has been credited for recording the 1st sound, invented what he called the "phonoautograph" |
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| In 1877 invented the phonograph; initially created it as an answering machine for a telephone |
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| Chichester Bell & Charles Tainter |
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| patented what they called their "graphophone"; replaced foil cylinder w/ a wax cylinder |
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| came up w/a gramophone that used a zinc disc instead of a cylinder |
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| bought rights to the gramophone and phonograph; he is credited for recording the first music. |
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| means repulsive, detestable, and foul |
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| was from England and it was for a religious book |
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| didnt come along until 1622; carried an ad for two earlier additions of the newspaper |
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| In 1702, in the Boston News Gazette an early newspaper for advertising space |
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| How do TV networks, radio, and other broadcasters make money? |
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| By selling air time to advertisers |
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| What is the first electronic media to have the same protection as the 1st amendment? |
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| Internet. In 1997, the Supreme Court ruled that Internet is a very unique media and is entitled to the highest protection under the 1st amendment |
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| a way of inhibiting free expression; central authority censors all public expressions; society isnt able to judge the worth of a piece |
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| Telecommunication Act of 1996 |
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Definition
| Phone companies were allowed, for the first time, the opportunity to provide cable TV broadcasting and their own open video system |
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| What gives the Federal Court the authority to review the constitutionality of state laws constricting freedom of speech? |
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Definition
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| "Clear and present danger" |
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| When there is clear evidence that somebody is advocating people to engage in lawless action |
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| What are the three main requirements that broadcasters have to meet in order to broadcast? |
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Definition
(1) Must agree to operate their facility in the public interest, convenience, and necessity
(2) They must agree to operate under a standard of fairness
(3) That the government limits times during which a station can broadcast "indecent" programming |
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| Why do cable operators NOT have the same protection as the press? |
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| Because a cable company needs a government approved right of way in order to lay underground cables |
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Local governments can require cable companies to maintain public access channels.
Stands for Public Access, Education, and Government |
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| What is the piece of legislation that tried to censor speech online? |
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Definition
| Communication Decent Act of 1996; indecent and patently offensive material was prohibited including chat rooms and web pages |
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| The Fairness Doctrine (No longer in affect) |
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Definition
| required licensees to balance the expression of public issues; offer equal time to both opposition of a certain issue at the same time period |
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| Section 315- Equal Time Provision (Section of the 1934 Communications Act) |
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Definition
| The section mandates that during elections, broadcast stations must provide equal opportunities and response time for qualified political candidates |
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| Patented Medicines led to what act? |
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Definition
| Pure, Food, and Drug Act of 1906 |
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| Federal Trade Commission (1914) |
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Definition
| Protects consumers from unfair and deceptive acts or pratices in or affecting commerce |
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| Child Online Privacy Protection Act |
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| To protect children, which requires the permission of the parent before a website can collect info on a child. |
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| 1990 Children's Television Act |
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Definition
Pertain to kids 12 and under
Limits commercial time in children's programs to 10 and a half minutes per hour on weekends and 12 minutes on weekdays. |
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| 1st radio commercial was for? |
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Definition
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| 1st modern radio commercial |
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| Was broadcast on WEAF radio in New York in the summer of 1922 from a real estate company to extol the virtues of 50 apartments |
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| Berliner and Eldgridge Johnson |
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Definition
| formed a company which was to become very famous and popular and it was called the Victor Talking Machine |
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| Machine created by the Victor Talking Machine company to play the music they produced |
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| The Victor Talking Machine later changed its name to this. |
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| Original speed of records; 78 revolution per minute |
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| Created by the Columbia recording company; and was similar to the Victorola however only played Columbia discs |
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| Enrico Caruso; sang opera and began recording in 1901 shortly after the creation of the Victor Talking Machine |
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| Created by Thomas Edison in the 1920s; a 78 rpm record which was about an inch thick; obviously didnt become that popular because of its bulky weight. |
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| In 1948, Columbia came out with the LP record 33 1/3 rpms; Could play up to an hour or more on a LP record; standard size was 12 inches |
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| That same year RCA came out with a 45 rpm "EP" record; EP stands for "extended play" Were much more popular in Britain than in America |
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| One of the names taken on that described the recording stereo playing the same music through both channels; became the industry standard in the late 1960s |
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