Term
| Geography is not just about... |
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Definition
Memorizing place names and boundaries.
(though you need to learn context through maps)
Where things and people are located
(though you need basic descriptive background) |
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Term
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Definition
Why things and people are where they are.
How people, things and places interact
with each other. |
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Term
| Geography breaks down boundaries |
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Definition
Can cross nature-human border.
Can compare different places/regions.
Can compare different scales (local, national, global)
Can study reality on the ground, over time.
Can study anything related to place(s). |
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Term
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Definition
How human beings organize our activity
spatially, and interact with our environment.
How and why places are made and remade,
and how our home places shape who we are.
How different places interact spatially. |
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Term
| What Human Geographers Do |
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Definition
Human Geography involves the investigation of the relationship between people and place.
“The Earth as the home of human beings.”
(Yi-Fu Tuan)
“Writing the earth”: ‘to write” (graphien) the earth (geo)”. |
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Term
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Definition
| deals with Earth’s natural processes and its outcomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| deals with the spatial organization of human activities, and with people’s relationship with their environments. |
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Term
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Definition
| combines elements of both physical and human geography. |
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Term
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Definition
| fieldwork, laboratory work, archival searches, remote sensing, and GIS (input, manipulation, analysis, etc.) |
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Term
| Geography is a bridge between the natural and social sciences. Geography is a holistic or synthesizing science. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Five Themes of Geography |
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Definition
| Place, Region, Interaction, Location, Movement |
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Term
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Definition
Levels or scales of spatial organization represent a tangible partitioning of space.
World regions
Asia, Europe, or Latin America
Supranational organizations
NAFTA, European Union, ASEAN, World Trade Organization
De Jure States
Legally recognized political entities
Body and Self
Physical appearance and socially acceptable norms |
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Term
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Definition
Studying the relationship of place to
people as…
Social beings
Consumers
Producers |
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Term
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Definition
| A map that shows areas of greater inhabitance |
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Term
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Definition
The geographer’s equivalent of scientific classification is regionalization, with the individual places or areal units being the objects of classification.
Logical division— “classification from above”
Grouping—“classification from below” |
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Term
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Definition
| an area that shares common characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| all members legally share a characteristic (U.S.A.) |
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Term
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Definition
| defined by a node of activity and distance decay from center (i.e. cell phone coverage) |
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Term
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Definition
| – common perception of cultural identity (“Deep South”) |
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Term
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Definition
the regular arrangment of phenomenon across earth's surface
includes: concentration, density, pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| relocation, hierarchical, contagious |
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Term
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Definition
| the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of people, goods, and ideas within and among regions |
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Term
| Tobler’s 1st Law of Geography |
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Definition
All things are related. However, all other things being equal, those things that are closest together are more related.
People will seek to:
Maximize the overall utility of places at minimum cost, and
Maximize connections between places at minimum cost, and
Locate related activities as close together as possible |
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Term
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Definition
Latitude and Longitude - a reference system designed to provide “absolute” location (as opposed to relative locations).
Like distance, space can be measured in absolute, relative, and cognitive terms. Topological space are the connections between, or connectivity of, particular points in space. |
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Term
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Definition
the world seems like a smaller place as more time passes with increases in technology and whatnot
the rate at which places move closer together in travel or communication time or costs |
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Term
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Definition
Space is abstract, geometric, empty, like an impersonal location on a grid
Place is constructed by human beings, and given
meaning through social interaction/memories. |
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Term
| The Influence and Meaning of Places |
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Definition
Places are settings for social interaction that, among other things,
structure the daily routines of people’s economic and social lives;
provide both opportunities and constraints in terms of people’s long-term social well-being;
provide a context in which everyday, common sense knowledge and experience are gathered;
provide a setting for processes of socialization; and
provide an arena for contesting social norms. |
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Term
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Definition
Every place is unique. Imagine where you lived as a child. What made that special?
Sensory
Architecture
Symbolic
Humanistic Geography - values the individual perspective.
Place and Placelessness (Relph, 1978) |
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Term
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Definition
LOCALE
(physical attributes of place)
LOCATION
(relationship to other places)
SENSE OF PLACE
(feelings evoked by place) |
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Term
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Definition
All social activity is embedded in place
Places therefore provide the settings for people’s daily lives .
Social interaction in turn shapes the place. |
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Term
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Definition
Humanity’s only “economic” activity for at least 90% of our existence.
Low population densities (small groups of 40-60; 1 person/ mi2)
Largely egalitarian - every person performs essential functions. |
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Term
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Definition
| people originated in the "cradle lands" of africa and gradually spread throughout the world |
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Term
| Pleistocene Overkill Hypothesis |
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Definition
Large, slow, or tame animals become extinct shortly after hunter-gatherer arrival in New World, Polynesia, Australia / New Guinea.
Flightless birds, giant cave bear, ground sloth. |
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Term
| Agricultural and Industrial Societies Accelerate Extinctions |
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Definition
Flightless birds, whales, otters
U.S. Passenger Pigeon |
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Term
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Definition
Domestication of Plants and Animals
Seed Agriculture - Fertile Crescent, western India, northern China, Ethiopia, southern Mexico (10,000 b.p.)
Rice, wheat, and corn account for more than 50% of world population's food calories and were among the first plants domesticated (along with millet, sorghum wheat, rye, barley). |
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Term
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Definition
Domestication of Animals
Dog was probably first.
Early domesticated animals: cattle, oxen, pigs, sheep, goats, guinea pigs, llama
role in agricultural production and success
Relationship to success of particular cultures: Indo-European Horsemen |
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Term
| Neolithic Revolution effects |
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Definition
Primary effects:
Urbanization
Social Stratification
Occupational Specialization
Increased population densities |
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Term
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Definition
societies with a single cultural base and a reciprocal social economy.
A transition to food-producing minisystems had several implications for the long-term evolution of the world’s geographies:
It allowed much higher population densities.
It brought about a change in social organization.
It allowed some specialization in non-agricultural crafts.
Specialization led to the beginnings of barter and trade between communities, sometimes over substantial distances. |
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Term
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Definition
| noted that agricultural breakthroughs could only occur in certain geographical settings: plentiful natural food supplies, diversified terrain, and rich/moist soils. |
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Term
| Urbanization and increased efficiency lead to population growth and increased density, which leads to need for more space. |
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Definition
Ancient Examples:
Aztecs, Maya
Chinese Warlords / Dynasties
Polynesians
Roman Empire
Muslim / Ottoman Empire
Human and environmental costs are inevitable. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of minisystems that have been absorbed into a common political system while retaining their fundamental cultural differences |
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Term
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Definition
| Towns and cities became essential as centers of administration, military garrisons, and as theological centers for ruling classes |
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Term
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Definition
| The physical settlement in a new territory of people from a colonizing state; an indirect consequence of the operation of the law of diminishing returns |
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Term
| Age of European Discovery, Exploration, and Colonization |
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Definition
1492 - 1771:
Bartholomew Dias (Portugal), 1488 - rounds Cape of Good Hope
Columbus, 1492 (Spanish/Italian) - first of four voyages to “New World”
Vasco De Gama (Portugal), 1498 - reaches India
Magellan (Portugal), 1519 - First Circumnavigation
James Cook (England), 1768-1771 - voyages in Pacific / Polynesia; end of era of Discovery
The geographical knowledge acquired was crucial to the expansion of European political and economic power in the 16th Century. |
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Term
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Definition
| An interdependent system of countries linked by economic and political competition |
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Term
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Definition
CORE
Industrialized capitalist countries or regions.
PERIPHERY
Exploited countries and regions (“poor”)
SEMI-PERIPHERY
Countries or regions with mixed processes.
Both exploited and exploiters. |
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Term
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Definition
The growth and strength of the Core is made possible by the exploitation of the rest of the world.
The “poverty” in the Periphery is made possible by the exploitation by the rest of the world.
Recent globalization has widened, not narrowed, the gap between Core and Periphery countries. |
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Term
| globalization is nothing new |
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Definition
| (Flows of goods, capital, information) |
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Term
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Definition
European colonialism/ slave trade, 1500s-1800s
Industrial Revolution/ wage labor, 1800s/ early 1900s
World War II/ Cold War/ decolonization, mid-1900s
Neocolonialism/ multinational corporations, late 1900s |
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Term
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Definition
Early technical innovations
Armor, gunnery from
wars among many small states
Shipbuilding and navigation
Evangelical zeal
Crusades in Middle East
Missionaries in Americas
Law of Diminishing Returns
Drive for gold/ money reached
limits at home
—Land divided by inheritance |
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Term
| Law of diminishing returns |
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Definition
| the tendancy for productivity to decline, after a certain point, with the continued application of capital and/or labor to a given resource base |
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Term
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Definition
Domination over a region or the world
Not just political or military control
Most pervasive is economic and cultural control |
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Term
| Leadership cycles (competitive struggles) |
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Definition
Netherlands and Portugal, 1400s-1500s
Spain and Portugal, 1500s-1600s
England and France, 1600s-early 1900s
Germany and Japan, 1937-45
United States and Soviet Union, 1945-1980s
United States and ……?
1990s-2000s
European Union and
East Asian bloc, 2010s ? |
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Term
| Europe: Three Waves of Industrialization |
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Definition
1790–1850: based on the initial cluster of industrial technologies (steam engines, cotton textiles, and ironworking); was very localized
1858–1870: involved the diffusion of industrialization to most of the rest of Britain and to parts of northwest Europe, particularly the coalfields of northern France, Belgium, and Germany
1870–1914: a further industrialization of the geography of Europe as yet another cluster of technologies imposed different needs and created new opportunities |
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Term
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Definition
1733, First Cotton Mill opens in England
1793, Eli Whitney invents cotton ‘gin
1800, steam engines become common (steamboats, locomotives)
1837, Morse and two Brits, independent of Morse ) invent telegraph
1877, Bell invents telephone
1878, Thomas Edison patents incandescent light bulb
1908, Henry Ford delivers first Model T
1913, Wright Brothers first flight |
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Term
| International Division of Labor |
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Definition
Core (colonial powers) need resources, labor
Periphery (colonies) has labor, resources
Colonies had “comparative advantages” in natural resources
The Core “underdeveloped” the Periphery, which was not “poor” of its own accord |
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Term
Imperialism:
"former colonialism" |
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Definition
| extension of the power of a nation through direct or indirect control of the economic and political life of other territories. |
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Term
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Definition
| the establishment and maintenance of political and legal domination by a state over a separate and alien society. |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical settlement of a new territory of people from a colonizing state |
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Term
| World War II Begins contemporary globalization |
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Definition
Sudden shifts in economic hegemony, political power
Sudden technological innovations
Sudden growth of transportation,
communications networks |
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Term
| Late 1940s: U.S. dominant |
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Definition
Sole possession of atomic bomb to 1949
War destroyed industries of Europe, Russia and Japan
U.S. finances reconstruction |
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Term
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Definition
Colonial flags come down
Asia, 1940s-1950s, Africa 1960s-1970s
“Neocolonialism” continues
Ex-colonial powers still dominate economies, resources, cultures |
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Term
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Definition
US-USSR “hot wars” fought in Periphery
Periphery states competed for aid
Arms race depleted global social resources |
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Term
| Multinational corporations |
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Definition
Investments, activities transcend borders
Subsidiaries in many Periphery/S-P countries
Core domination, centralization outside state structure |
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Term
| World divisions, late 20th century |
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Definition
First World - Industrialized capitalist countries of Western Europe, North America.
Second World - Centrally-planned “socialist” countries such as former Soviet Union.
Third World - Ex-colonial nations such as
India, Malaysia, Iran, Brazil, etc.
Fourth World - Poorest nations (and indigenous communities) |
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Term
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Definition
Poor countries tend to be located in Southern Hemisphere.
World Bank estimates more than 1.3 billion people (1/5 world population) live in acute poverty of < $1 (U.S.) per day.
70% women and children
Self-Sustaining |
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Term
| Regions of the “World Village” |
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Definition
In a world village of 1,000:
333 East Asians
274 South Asians
132 Africans
120 Europeans
86 Latin Americans
50 North Americans
5 from Oceania
Average annual income $4,890
600 poor
300 marginal
100 well-off
200 richest villagers own and consume
80% of goods
Other villagers own and consume remaining 20% |
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Term
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Definition
Industrialized capitalist countries, led by former colonial powers
Centers of trade, technology, productivity.
Examples: Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia
Exploit the Periphery and Semi-periphery. |
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Term
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Definition
Poor, ex-colonial nations.
Tend to export resources and labor.
Examples: Kenya, Bolivia, Pakistan, etc.
Exploited by Core and by Semi-periphery |
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Term
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Definition
Partially industrialized ex-colonial countries.
Both exporters and importers of goods.
Examples: China, South Africa, Brazil, Mexico, Taiwan, South Korea, etc. (parts of India?)
Exploited by Core, but also exploit Periphery. |
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Term
| New International Division of Labor |
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Definition
Industrial growth of Europe and Japan
Internationalization of economic networks
New global consumer markets
New global technologies |
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Term
| Industrial growth of Europe, Japan |
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Definition
European economic bloc
Expanding to east, will it include western Russia?
Japan, other East Asian states
Four Tigers (Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong)
China as partner new economic bloc
Relative decline of U.S. in “Tripolar Economy” |
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Term
| Internationalization of economics. What led to it? |
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Definition
TRADE
“Free trade” agreements
Standards “race to bottom”
FINANCES
24/7 stock markets
Mobile investments
PRODUCTION
Overseas “sweatshops”
Core automating, losing industrial jobs |
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Term
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Definition
World products
Core luxury goods
Media diffusion
CNN, MTV, Hollywood
Semi-periphery consumers
Four Tigers, Oil states |
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Term
| New technological innovations |
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Definition
Microelectronics
Personal computers
Internet
Satellites
Aircraft
Robotics (automation)
Biotechnology
Container ships/rail |
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Term
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Definition
Unequal access to telecommunications and information technology
80% of websites in North America
20% of population has 74% of phone lines |
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Term
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Definition
“Fast” (20%) has access to telecommunications, consumer goods, arts & entertainment.
“Slow” (80%) has limited access, more resentment of elites.
Search for “sense of place” in both areas to lessen alientation. |
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Term
| Watershed moment in human history |
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Definition
Dramatic changes in social, cultural, political, economic relations at the…
Global scale
State (national) scale
Regional scale
Local scale
Scales interrelate, affect each other |
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Term
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Definition
Collapse of Soviet Union, end of Cold War.
Rise of local ethnic/religious nationalism.
New forms and locations of warfare.
Communications revolution (Internet).
Massive increase in economic globalization. |
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Term
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Definition
Changes in former Soviet Union and allies.
Changes in the developing world.
Changes in the U.S., now without a powerful enemy. |
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Term
| Rise of ethnic nationalism |
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Definition
Soviet, Yugoslav breakups.
Minority ethnic groups looking to end majority “oppression.”
Increased local/ethnic identity as reaction to impersonal globalization.
Increased ability to survive as smaller country. |
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Term
| Communications revolution |
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Definition
Only 50 websites in 1992; 250 million + today.
Internet makes world more connected, yet in more specialized niches.
Can be used for globalization from
above, or from below. |
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Term
| New forms and locations of warfare |
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Definition
Smaller, more brutal wars.
Military technologies more efficient, usually not made by combatants.
Freelancers can wage war
Physical distance or borders no longer protect |
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Term
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Definition
The increasing interdependence and interconnectedness
of places globally. |
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Term
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Definition
Globalization from the top down
Increasing power of corporations through internationalizing of production and marketing.
Financial markets transcend national boundaries.
Telecommunications spreads ideas, cultures |
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Term
| Players in globalization from above |
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Definition
Governments and elites in every country
Multinational corporations
International agencies (UN)
Global trade/finance agencies
World Bank,IMF, WTO |
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Term
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Definition
Globalization from the bottom up.
Greater economic interdependence eroding governments?
Increasing influence of local scale to affect global policies: “Think Globally, Act Locally.”
Easier communications among those at the bottom? |
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Term
| Players in globalization from below |
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Definition
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) —Greenpeace, Amnesty Int’l, etc.
Alliances of communities with a common concern, linked through Internet.
Seattle WTO protests, 1999
Some international agencies |
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Term
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Definition
Meaning: Process vs. Project
Interpretation: New Era vs. Nothing New
Evaluation: Good vs. Bad
Explanation: "Hard" vs. "Soft"
Political: End vs. Revival of Nation-State
Cultural: Sameness vs. Difference |
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Term
| Meaning: Process vs. Project |
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Definition
globalization is the integration of markets, nation-states and technologies to a degree never witnessed before-in a way that is enabling individuals, corporations and nation-states to reach round the world farther, faster, deeper and cheaper than ever before
globalization is not an inexorable process but is a deliberate, ideological project of economic liberalization that subjects states and individuals to more intense market forces |
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Term
| Interpretation: New Era vs. Nothing New |
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Definition
globalization often conveys a sense that something new is happening to the world: it is becoming a "single place" and experienced as such, global practices, values, and technologies now shape people's lives to the point that we are entering a "global age” – a new world order.
there is nothing new under the sun since globalization is age-old capitalism writ large across the globe, or that governments and regions retain distinct strengths in a supposedly integrated world |
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Term
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Definition
Globalization is celebrated as a new birth of freedom: better connections in a more open world would improve people's lives by making new products and ideas universally available, breaking down barriers to trade and democratic institutions, resolve tensions between old adversaries, and empower more and more people.
Politicians opposed to America's global influence and activists opposed to the inequities of oppressive global capitalism now portray globalization as dangerous. Concerns about the consequences of globalization for the well-being of various groups, the sovereignty and identity of countries, the disparities among peoples, and the health of the environment. |
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Term
| Explanation: "Hard" vs. "Soft" |
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Definition
Many authors attribute the dynamics of globalization to the pursuit of material interests by dominant states and multinational companies that exploit new technologies to shape a world in which they can flourish according to rules they set.
An alternative view suggests that globalization is rooted in an expanding consciousness of living together on one planet, a consciousness that takes the concrete form of models for global interaction and institutional development that constrain the interests of even powerful players and relate any particular place to a larger global whole. |
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Term
| Political: End vs. Revival of Nation-State |
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Definition
globalization constrains states: free trade limits the ability of states to set policy and protect domestic companies; capital mobility makes generous welfare states less competitive; global problems exceed the grasp of any individual state; and global norms and institutions become more powerful.
a more integrated world of nation-states may even become more important: they have a special role in creating conditions for growth and compensating for the effects of economic competition; they are key players in organizations and treaties that address global problems. |
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Term
| Cultural: Sameness vs. Difference |
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Definition
Globalization leads to cultural homogeneity: interaction and integration diminish difference; global norms, ideas or practices overtake local mores; many cultural flows, such as the provision of news, reflect exclusively Western interests and control; and the cultural imperialism of the United States leads to the global spread of American symbols and popular culture.
Globalization leads to new heterogeneity: interaction is likely to lead to new mixtures of cultures and integration is likely to provoke a defense of tradition; global norms or practices are necessarily interpreted differently according to local tradition; cultural flows now originate in many places; and America has no hegemonic grasp on a world that must passively accept whatever it has to sell |
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Term
| Implications of Globalization |
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Definition
The stretching of global connections, relations and networks
Making them faster and more intense.
Increasing awareness about the world.
Haiti good example with how much help they've received already |
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Term
| Interdependence of Places |
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Definition
Place have become increasingly interdependent.
Caused by a set of interrelated forces or processes that we call globalization.
Globalization helps to extend and deepen linkages between sets of places (and peoples) |
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Term
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Definition
| Visual representation of population distribution. For example, the US is huge compared to canada in it |
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Term
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Definition
persons/mi^2
examples:
Lower 48 states 94.7
NJ 1171
Alaska 1.2
Lincoln Co., NV 0.4
Manhattan 66,940
North Carolina 186
Chapel Hill 2,752
Durham Co. 769
Orange Co. 295
Egypt
192 people/mi2
3% of area inhabited
Nile River
6000 people/mi2 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
gained:
Education
Income
Occupation
Employment
Etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Count of population and its characteristics |
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Term
| Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Births
- Deaths
+ Immigration (in)
Emigration (out)
=
Population growth |
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Term
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Definition
Number of years
it will take for population to double, at current rate
United States: 117 years
Nicaragua: 21 years |
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Term
| Birth rate is greater than death rate almost everywhere in the world |
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Definition
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Term
| infant death rates much greater in south america asia and africa than the rest of the world |
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Definition
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Term
| life expectancy lowest in africa |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Dependents are under 15 & over 65
How many are supported by 15-65 group |
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Term
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Definition
Low birth and death rates in Core
Low population growth
(except immigration)
Steadily older population |
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Term
| Baby Boom impacts yet to come |
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Definition
Strain on Social Security
Growing health care costs
Challenge to youth identity (Gen. X) |
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Term
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Definition
| tracks age-sex groups (cohorts) |
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Term
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Definition
Move from high birth and death rates
to low birth and death rates
Took centuries of development
for Core to make transition
More difficult for Periphery
to make transition without its
own capital, skills, education |
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Term
Population growth
in Periphery:
Cause or symptom
of poverty and environmental degradation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
(1743 – 1794)
predicted that innovation, resulting increased wealth, and choice would provide food and resources in the future and lead to fewer children per family
believed that society was perfectable |
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Term
| Thomas Malthus on Population |
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Definition
Malthus, responding to Condorcet, predicted population would outrun food supply, leading to a decrease in food per person.
Assumptions
Populations grow exponentially.
Food supply grows arithmetically.
Food shortages and chaos inevitable.
not confirmed in reality |
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Term
| Core responsibility for Periphery growth |
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Definition
Core consumes far more resources
Demands cheap, unskilled young labor
Population growth is a symptom of poverty |
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Term
| Why parents in Periphery have kids |
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Definition
Better chance for one kid to survive
Bring in the crops and income
Help parents in old age
Women often lack power to not have kids |
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Term
| Policies to lower birth rate |
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Definition
Forced
One-child policy (China)
Coercive “population control”
Voluntary
Availability of birth control
Incentives for small families
Social
Empowerment of women
Better health care and education
End to child labor
Social security |
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Term
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Definition
Types of migration
Voluntary or involuntary (forced)
International (between countries)
or internal (within a country).
Documented or undocumented |
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Term
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Definition
Violence (war or high crime)
Poor economy
Ethnic or religious persecution
Degraded resources or poor weather |
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Term
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Definition
Peace (or more security)
Economic opportunities/ good services
Freedom of expression
Better sense of place or weather |
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Term
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Definition
Restrictions on immigration
Bias against immigrants
Distance and lack of money
Cultural unfamiliarity |
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Term
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Definition
Gross migration
Total number of migrants
Net migration
Gain or loss as result of migration |
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Term
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Definition
Family/friends write home, attract new immigrants
Family reunifications
“Secondary migration” to new home in adopted country |
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Term
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Definition
A type of temporary migration.
Associated with agricultural work.
The migrant follows the harvest of various crops, moving from one place to another each time.
Very common in the US Southwest (Mexican farm workers) and in Western Europe (Eastern European farm workers). |
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Term
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Definition
Temporary employment
Send money home
Kids become citizens? |
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Term
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Definition
Educated, skilled migrate for better jobs
Wealthy, educated country gains
Poor country loses skilled people |
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Term
|
Definition
Flee war or persecution
International or internal
Many move to temporary camps
Apply for “asylum” (safe haven) |
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Term
|
Definition
Forced removal of
an ethnic group |
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Term
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Definition
A group scattered
globally by large-
scale migration
Holocaust led jewish diaspora |
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Term
| migration (internal and international examples) |
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Definition
| trail of tears: slave trade |
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Term
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Definition
Immigrants “take jobs” and drain services
Yet mainly “low-end” jobs
Immigrants “threaten” culture/language
Argument sees diversity as negative
Anti-immigrant movements affect elections
Austria, France, Denmark, California, etc. |
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Term
| Undocumented immigrants more likely than U.S. citizens to… |
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Definition
Be employed
Work longer hours
Be free from assistance
Contribute to federal taxes through payroll
Drain state social services
Federal gov’t should compensate states? |
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Term
|
Definition
U.S. annexed
northern
Mexico
in 1848 |
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Term
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Definition
Shifting Center of U.S. population- moving Westward and Southward (1790-1990)
Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party (group that got stuck on way to california and had to result to cannibalism) just the most dramatic examples of hardship.
Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be impossible.
Loss of Industrial Jobs in east compliments increase in Sunbelt service sector (biotech, communications). |
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Term
|
Definition
African Americans
moving from South
to North to work
in war industries |
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Term
| Internal (interregional) Migrations in U.S. |
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Definition
U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: suburbanization and counterurbanization
Developed Countries:
suburbanization
automobiles and roads
‘American Dream’
better services
counterurbanization
idyllic settings
cost of land for retirement
slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets |
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Term
| Internal Migrations in LDCs (less developed countries) |
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Definition
Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities in search of work and income.
Urbanization
migration from rural areas
lack of jobs in countryside
lack of services in cities
Tokyo, Los Angeles, and New York only MDC cities on top 10 list |
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Term
|
Definition
Hunter-Gatherers
Neolithic Revolution
Domestication of Plants and Animals
Diffusion of Agriculture
Agricultural Industrialization
The “Green Revolution”
Hybrids, scientific application of fertilizer, pesticide, and water
Modern Agribusiness
Genetic Engineering of Crops |
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Term
|
Definition
Primary effects:
Urbanization
Social stratification
Occupational specialization
Increased population densities
Secondary effects:
Endemic diseases
Famine
Expansionism |
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Term
|
Definition
| replaced hunting and gathering activities in many parts of the globe when people understood the advantages of a secure food source. Human civilization, writing, economics, and government developed. |
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Term
| Agricultural Revolution and Industrialization |
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Definition
The First Agricultural Revolution
Founded on the development of seed agriculture and the use of the plow and draft animals
Domestication of plants and animals allowed for the rise of settled ways of life
The Second Agricultural Revolution
Important elements include:
Dramatic improvements in outputs, such as crop and livestock yields
Such innovations as the improved yoke for oxen and the replacement of the ox with the horse
New inputs to agricultural production, such as the application of fertilizers and field drainage systems
The Third Agricultural Revolution
Three important phases originated in North America:
Mechanization: replaced human farm labor with machines
Chemical farming with synthetic fertilizers: application of herbicides, fungicides, and pesticides to crops to enhance yields
Globally widespread food manufacturing: adding economic value to agricultural products (i.e., processing food between farms and markets)
The first two phases involve inputs, while the third involves a complication of farms to firms in the manufacturing sector. |
|
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Term
| The Industrialization of Agriculture |
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Definition
Advances in science and technology—including mechanical as well as chemical and biological innovations—have determined the industrialization of agriculture over time.
Three important developments:
Changes in rural labor activities as machines replace and/or enhance human labor
The introduction of innovative inputs to supplement, alter, or replace biological outputs
The development of industrial substitutes for agricultural products (like Nutrasweet) |
|
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Term
| agriculture is a global economy |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Developed Countries Undercut Free Markets in Agriculture |
|
Definition
Farmers in the developed world are paid an average of 2/3 more than the free market would provide.
These subsidies to the world’s richest farmers directly damage the agricultural economies of the poorest nations.
Despite this, the U.S. Congress and President Bush actually increased farm subsidies in 2002. |
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Term
|
Definition
Technology allows much greater production (surplus) with much less human labor, but often has high social and environmental costs.
Metal plows, reapers, cotton gins
Tractors (internal combustion engines)
Combines
Chemical pesticides/fertilizers
Hybrid crops
Genetically modified crops (GMOs) |
|
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Term
| Agribusiness: The industrialization of agriculture |
|
Definition
Modern commercial farming is very dependent on inputs of chemical fertilizer, pesticides, herbicides.
Oil is required to make fertilizer and pesticides.
It takes 10 calories of energy to create 1 calorie of food in modern agriculture.
Small farmer can’t buy needed equipment and supplies.
Fewer than 2% of U.S. population works in agriculture
-a set of economic and political relationships that organizes agro-food production from the development of seeds to the retailing and consumption of the agricultural product. |
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Term
| Classifying Agricultural Regions |
|
Definition
Subsistence Agriculture
Shifting Cultivation
Pastoral Nomadism
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
Commercial Agriculture
Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming
Dairy Farming
Grain Farming
Livestock Ranching
Mediterranean Agriculture
Truck Farming |
|
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Term
|
Definition
China: slash-and-burn
South America: processed field
A form of agriculture usually found in tropical forests where farmers aim to maintain soil fertility by rotating fields. Shifting cultivation is different from crop rotation, whereby fields are continually used but with complimentary crops that balance nutrient usage of the soil. |
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Term
|
Definition
The breeding and herding of domesticated animals for subsistence.
where: arid and semi-arid areas of N. Africa, Middle East, Central Asia
animals: Camel, Goats, Sheep, Cattle
transhumance: seasonal migrations from highlands to lowlands
Most nomads are being pressured into sedentary life as land is used for agriculture or mining. |
|
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Term
| Intensive Subsistence Agriculture |
|
Definition
-practice that involves the effective and efficient use- usually through a considerable expenditure of human labor and application of fertilizer- of a small parcel of land in order to maximize crop yield
Wet Rice Dominant
where: S.E. Asia, E. India, S.E. China
very labor intensive production of rice, including transfer to sawah, or paddies
most important source of food in Asia
grown on flat, or terraced land
Double cropping is used in warm winter areas of S. China and Taiwan |
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Term
|
Definition
Value-Added
Very little of the value of most commercial products comes from the raw materials
“adding value” is the key to high profit margins |
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Term
| Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming |
|
Definition
Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming
Where: Ohio to Dakotas, centered on Iowa; much of Europe from France to Russia
crops: corn (most common), soybeans
In U.S. 80% of product fed to pigs and cattle
Highly inefficient use of natural resources
Pounds of grain to make 1 lb. beef: 10
Gallons of water to make 1 1b wheat: 25
Gallons of water to make 1 1b. beef: 2500 |
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Term
|
Definition
Where: near urban areas in N.E. United States, Southeast Canada, N.W. Europe
- Over 90% of cow’s milk is produced in developed countries. Value is added as cheese, yogurt, etc.
Von Thunen’s theories are the beginning of location economics and analysis (1826) Locational Theory : butter and cheese more common than milk with increasing distance from cities and in West.
Milkshed : historically defined by spoilage threat; refrigerated trucks changed this. |
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Term
|
Definition
Where: worldwide, but U.S. and Russia predominant
Crops: wheat
winter wheat: Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma
spring wheat: Dakotas, Montana, southern Canada
Highly mechanized: combines, worth hundreds of thousands of dollars, migrate northward in U.S., following the harvest. |
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Term
|
Definition
Where: arid or semi-arid areas of western U.S., Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Spain and Portugal.
History: initially open range, now sedentary with transportation changes.
Environmental effects:
1.) Overgrazing has damaged much of the world’s grasslands (<1% of US remains)
2.) Much of the destruction of Brazilian rainforest motivated by the desire for fashionable cattle |
|
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Term
| Mediterranean Agriculture |
|
Definition
Where: areas surrounding the Mediterranean, California, Oregon, Chile, South Africa, Australia
Climate has summer dry season. Landscape is mountainous.
Highly valuable crops: olives, grapes, nuts, fruits and vegetables; winter wheat
California: high quality land is being lost to suburbanization; initially offset by irrigation |
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Term
| Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming |
|
Definition
Where: U.S. Southeast, New England, near cities around the world
crops: high profit vegetables and fruits demanded by wealthy urban populations: apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce, tomatoes, etc.
mechanization: such truck farming is highly mechanized and labor costs are further reduced by the use of cheap immigrant (and illegal) labor.
distribution: situated near urban markets. |
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Term
|
Definition
large scale mono-cropping of profitable products not able to be grown in Europe or U.S.
where: tropical lowland Periphery
crops: cotton, sugar cane, coffee, rubber, cocoa, bananas, tea, coconuts, palm oil.
What are potential problems with this type of agriculture? Environmental? Social?
Proceeds go oversees; does not build local economy; needs much labor; not good for environment |
|
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Term
| The Green Revolution in Agriculture |
|
Definition
The term green revolution refers to the development and adoption of high yielding cereal grains in the less developed world during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Very large short term gains in grain output have allowed food supplies to grow faster than populations, until very recently.
grain yield per hectare has steadily increased since 1950 |
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Term
| History of Green Revolution |
|
Definition
1943 Rockefeller Foundation begins work on short stature hybrid corn in Mexico
1960s Hybrid strains of rice, wheat, and corn show great success in S.E. Asia, and Latin America.
1970 Head of Mexican corn program, Borlaug, wins Nobel Peace Prize
1990s Growth in food supply continues, but slows to below the rate of population growth, as the results of unsustainable farming practices take effect.
Better sanitation lowered the mortality in the 50’s and onward |
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Term
|
Definition
Gains were made by:
Dwarf varieties: plants are bred to allocate more of their photosynthetic output to grain and less to vegetative parts.
Planting in closer rows, allowed by herbicides, increases yields.
Bred to be less sensitive to day length, thus double-cropping is more plausible.
Very sensitive to inputs of fertilizer and water. |
|
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Term
| world per capita grain production |
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Definition
| slowly went up from 1950-1980 but has leveled off and even fallen a bit since then |
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Term
| Technical and Resource Limitation Problems |
|
Definition
Heavy Use of Fresh Water
High Dependence on Technology and Machinery Provided/Sold by Core Countries
Heavy Use of Pesticides and Fertilizer
Reduced Genetic Diversity / Increased Blight Vulnerability
Questionable Overall Sustainability |
|
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Term
| ethical issues with greater food production |
|
Definition
Starvation of many prevented, but extra food may lead to higher birth rates.
Life expectancy in less developed countries increased by 10 years in less than two decades (43 in 1950’s to 53 in 1970’s).
Dependency on core countries increased; rich-poor gap increased.
Wealthy farmers and multinational companies do well, small farmers become wage laborers or unemployed – dependent.
More at risk? More people malnourished/starving today than in 1950 (but lower as a percentage).
U.S. spends $10,000,000,000 year on farm subsidies, damaging farmers and markets in LDCs. |
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Term
|
Definition
“Our incredible successes as a species are largely derived from this choice, but the biggest threats to our existence stem from the same decision.” Jared Diamond 1999
Emergence of new human diseases from animal diseases (small pox, measles)
Dense urban population allow the spread/persistence of disease
Lower standard of living for many people.
Many modern impoverished and malnourished farmers.
Famine virtually non-existent among hunter-gathers.
Increased susceptibility of plant blights and increased dependence on complex economic systems.
Environmental degradation
Topsoil loss (75% in US) U.S.), desertification, eutrophication, PCBs in fish, DDT and other pesticides |
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Term
| Biotechnology in Agriculture |
|
Definition
Cloning
Recombinant DNA
BT Corn Debate (transgenic maize) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| think about what it means about agriculture. What kind of power do farmers have? They control the product but get so little for it. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Look at end of chapters and terms in chapters. If you don’t understand something from powerpoints use book, internet. Look at essays from end of chapters. Chapters 1-3,8, and globalization article. |
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Term
|
Definition
| cost advantages to manufacturers that accrue from high volume production, since the average cost of production falls with increasing output. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the deterrent or inhibiting effect of distance on human activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| the assertion by the government of a country that has a minority living outside its formal borders belongs to it historically and culturally. |
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Term
|
Definition
A reduction in the role and budget of government, including reduced subsidies and the privatization of formerly publicly owned and operated concerns, such as utilities.
assumes free marked as ideal condition |
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Term
|
Definition
| a feeling of collective identity based on a population's politico-territorial identification within a state or across state bounaries. |
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Term
|
Definition
| extreme devotion to local interests and customs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the physical attributes of a location- its terrain, its soil, vegetation, and water sources for example |
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Term
|
Definition
| the location of a place relative to other places and human activities |
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Term
|
Definition
| the way things spread through space and over time |
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Term
|
Definition
| principle whereby places and regions specialize in activities for which they have the greatest advantage in productivity relative to other regions- or for which they have the least disadvantage |
|
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Term
| environmental determinism |
|
Definition
| a doctrine holding that human activities are controlled by the environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| the attitude that one's own race and culture are superior to others' |
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Term
|
Definition
| geographic settings where new practices have developed, and from which they have subsequently spread. |
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Term
|
Definition
| economic and political strategies by which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain or extend their influence over other areas or people. |
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Term
|
Definition
| ratio between the number of agriculturists per unit of arable land in a specific area. |
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Term
|
Definition
| population of individuals born between 1946 and 1964 |
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Term
|
Definition
| group of individuals that share a common temporal demographic experience. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Study of the characteristics of human populations |
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Term
|
Definition
| measure of the economic impact of the young and the old on the more economically productive members of society. |
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Term
|
Definition
| move from a particular location |
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Term
|
Definition
| move to a specific location |
|
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Term
| internally displaced people |
|
Definition
| individuals who are uprooted within the boundaries of their own country because of conflict or human rights abuse. |
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Term
|
Definition
| average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years. |
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Term
|
Definition
| migrants who set homes and/or work in more than one nation-state. |
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Term
|
Definition
referring to the culture of agricultural communities and the type of tenure system that determines access to land and the kind of cultivation practices employed there
-of or related to cultivated land or the cultivation of land |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| increasing the productivity of agriculture on the best farmland can help control deforestation by reducing the demand for new farmland |
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Term
|
Definition
| inadequate intake of one or more nutrients and/or calories. |
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Term
|
Definition
| acute starvation associated with a sharp increase in fatality |
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Term
|
Definition
| five central and connected sectors (inputs, production, product processing, distribution and consumption) with four contextual elements acting as external mediating forces (the state, international trade, the physical environment, and credit and finance.) |
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Term
|
Definition
| a specific set of links that exists among food production and consumption and capital investment and accumulation opportunities. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a person, household, or even a country has assured access to enough food at all times to ensure active and healthy lives |
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Term
|
Definition
| a policy framework advocated by a number of farmers, peasants, pastoralists, fisherfolk, indigenous peoples, women, rural youth and environmental organizations, namely the claimed "right" of peoples to define their own food, agriculture, livestock and fisheries systems, in contrast to having food largely subject to international market forces. |
|
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Term
| Genetically modified organism |
|
Definition
| any organism that has had its DNA modified in a lab rather than through cross-pollination or other forms of evolution |
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Term
|
Definition
| land that is cleared using slash and burn process and is ready for cultivation |
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Term
|
Definition
| practice of mixing different seeds and seedlings in the same swidden |
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Term
|
Definition
| the replacement of human farm labor with machines |
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Term
|
Definition
| subsistence activity that involves the breeding and herding of animals to satisfy the human needs of food, shelter, and clothing |
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Term
|
Definition
| system of cultivation in which plants are cropped close to the ground, left to dry for a certain period, then burned |
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Term
|
Definition
| the movements of herds according to seasonal rhythms: warmer, lowlands areas in the winter; cooler, highland areas in the summer |
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