Someone who has interest in a national park/protected area

Can be government agencies and non-government agencies 

Occurs through spatial scale

(everyday life, national, global)

Causes environmental change on local scale

EX: deforestation,logging in Global South

Undisturbed: high biodiversity

 does not fall quickly with minor distubance

Highly Disturbed: low biodiversity

falls dramatically with human disturbance 

Global North is developed in part becasue the Global South remains underdeveloped

Global South relies on demand of Global North 

Global South is economically too dependent on Global North - whose affluence depends on poverty in the Global South 

Move towards more intensive and mechanical farming methods as a result of population growth.

Uses labor instead of time (fallowing) 

Applies ecological concepts to develop sustainable agricultural systems

Requires indeginous knowledge

Views agriculture as connected to biodiversity 

Developed key institutions that connect people globally through economics

1. IMF (International Monetary Fund)

2. World Bank

Key factor that has led to globalization in economic sense 

Food is global - not because of quality, about price

*US buys ingredients where it is most cheap 

Steps of how food is produced differs within each country 

People in US want where specific ingredients in food was produced to be labeled on packaging

About food safety: producers want to buy ingredients where it's least expensive 

Bhopal, India 1984

Represents why globalization poses human health and environmental threats

Less expensive for Dow Chemical to operate there (cheaper labor, less safety and environmental regulations) easy for companies to cut corners 

Connotation it is unsustainable: portrayed as being destructive

Really a shift in cultivation

*Sustainable when population density is low

*If population density is high it is less sustainable 

Not enough land space/time for natural soil fertility to take place 

Occurs because of soil weathering

*exposed to elements so nutrients and soil fertility are washed out

Very old soils

*Nutrients are in vegetation not in soil 

Poverty is a result of social and economic structure of world

Society has inequality built into it

Affluence of Global North depends on poverty in Global South 

 Thomas Malthus

 Human population grows faster than agriculutural productivity

Scarcity exists because there are too many people 

More people than food

Earth is a biological petri dish 

Technology (independent) ->

Productivity -> Population (dependent) 

Esther Boserup

Population growth leads to increased agricultural productivity

Population (independent) ->

Technology -> Productivity (dependent) 

Abundance and scarcity are related to demand

Scarcity is a function of how resources are allotted in a society

Function of social status/structure

(Not distrubted evenly over space or social hierchey) 

Formal extension of one country's sovereignty over another

Displacement or direct rule over indigenous populations

Control of resources, labor, and market 

International economic relationships that allow countries, companies, or institutions of the Global North to exercise effective control over countries of the Global South

Primarily informal

Highly focused political actors to see their relation to other actors

Enables an analysis of consequences (environmental, social) that may be dramatic, even if indirect 

Complicated, tightly woven 

Normal rate of species' disappearance

Global in extent, and across genetic and functional groups 

Genetic Diversity

(types of biodiversity) 

Functional diversity

(types of biodiversity) 

Ecological diversity

(types of biodiverstiy) 

*The more diverse the system, the more likely it is to be fragile

*Scientists do not yet know what causes biodiversity:

We do know that:

*Species evolve as a result of enviornmental change

*Species disappear as a result of environmental change 

Interactions between species

Interactions between species and environment

Can be self-maintaining 

*Pollination

*Dispersal

*Predation and herbivory

*Soil nutrient availability

*Disturbance 

Occurs when soil nutrients are washed out of the hummus through rainfall

-High amounts of rainfall in short amounts of time

Plants grown in rainforest have evolved to survive in this environment 

Practices are based on local knowledge:

-Knowledge exists in particular locations and is transmitted through everyday language, not science

-Developed over time through experimentation 

Agriculture is part of agroecosystem

-Ecological knowledge is expressed in terms of spiritual beliefs, traditions, taboos, etc.

*Not sustainable given current population characteristics

-Population grown makes fallowing infeasible

-Long-term damage to soils, or increased relience on synthetic inputs

-Major ecological constraints must be overcome:

Preserve indigenous knowledge into "modern agriculture" 

*Local inhabitants need protein, faced with poverty, constrained with types of decisions - not likely to use resources sustainably

*Causes environmental logging degredation

Demand in Global North for tropical woods - shapes Global South development

*Causality is very complex - so people need to be involved on a global scale 

Causes of land scarcity:

-Racial, religious, national origin, other personal biases

-Political views, economic status, legal status, and other causes of social classes

        *Land tenure policies

        *Real estate costs 

Relies on natural fertility restoration, and thus large areas of land

-Land extensive 

Relies on labor to provide fertility inputs

Labor intensive 

Vunerable to changes in resource availablility

Insecure because of vunerability

Limited choices for reducing vunerability and insecurity - seek short-term gains from natural resource use

*One way Global North countries contrube to poverty in the Global South

Granted from the government to a farmer so the price of a commodity will remain low 

*High US subsidies depress global cotton price (Malian cotton farmers) 

*One way governments in the Global South contribute to Global South poverty

*Governments and leaders seek high short-term profits unethically 

 -For self-interest

 -Insecurity

-Need for hard currency 

Help create Global South poverty

Structure deeply intrenched:

many highly indebted poor countries (HIPC) pay 20-25% of their income on debt replayment

Commodity prices set in Global North, so Global South doesn't control earning potential 

-Since 1999 significant amounts of debt has been cancelled by Global North

-World Bank studies show that debt relief reduces poverty

-Further relief likely, but debt structure is deeply rooted 

Economic integration

(globalization)

*Wealth creation (positive)

-Bretton Woods in post-WWII world (IMF, World Bank)

*Polarization (negative)

-Declining global middle class 

Sociocultural homogenization

(globalization) 

*Delcline of local cultures (negative)

-Endangers languages

*Increased knowledge of shared experiences (positive)

-Through communication technologies

-Recognition of shared interests and goals without financial structure 

*Uses people power to change government and business (positive)

*Causes a decline in local authority (negative) 

-Especially important to the poor

-Global citizenship a function of wealth - no global accountability 

*Demands numeric representation and mobilizing comulative wealth

POSITIVE:

-In theory globalization is a good idea

NEGATIVE:

-In practive globalization hasn't worked

economic calue systems v. human value systems 

-Global North reliance on Global South goods led to management in global way

-Scale of global institutions transcend national institutions

- decisions made to match global interests

- representation based on wealth

-Allows industry to operate in Global South under lax restrictions on environment laws, labor costs (Bhopal, India)

-Brazil, 2000s 

-Lower production costs in Global South countries = lower market prices in Global North

-60% of Amazonian rainforest destruction for cattle ranching

-Production costs lower than in grown in the Great Plains

*Leads to a decline in food cultures

*Increases diseases of affluence (diabetes, heart disease, obesity) 

*Global expansion of Americanized cuisine (fast food, McDonalds, KFC) 

*First national park model (1872)

-Goal to preserve wilderness

-Ecology is highest forseen value: tourism

Preservation: guard something as unchanged 

*National parks are an alien cultural artifact in Global South

 -many abandoned or maintained by independent governments with strong neo-colonial links

*Reaction to classic national parks 

Focus on social justice 

*Communities must be involved to assure proper management/justice

-Opposing views of community, industry, and government

*Informal approach to new human-based environmentalism 

*Communities benefit, but individuals may want to in other ways 

*Very formalized: a written agreement

*Historically similar to CBC but more focused on economic development 

*Considered the best because formally defined roles allow whole-community involvement 

*Don't seem to have one goal (conservation and development) - one will lack  

*Agroecology:

applying ecological principles to design, develop, and manage sustainable agricultural diversity 

*Green Labeling: 

Attempts to get consumers in Global North concerned with biodiversity conservation in Global South 

*Sustainable Logging:

Manages population, age, and ecosystem structure  while minimizing damage

PROBLEMS: Cannot conserve everything in agricultural landscape

 -Increased demand will threaten supply

(Brazil nuts)

*Social justice = environmental sustainability

*Social inequity is structural in the global world

*Gaining sustainability = reducing inequity