Term
| Heart failure or hypoxemia. |
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Definition
| Depending on the severity of the cardiac defect and the altered hemodynamics, two principal clinical consequences can occur... |
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Term
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Definition
| Defects that result in left-to-right shunting of blood cause symptoms of... |
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Term
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Definition
| Defects that result in decreased pulmonary blood flow cause... |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood to the systemic circulation at normal filling pressures to meet the body's metabolic demands |
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Term
| symptoms (dx) of heart failure |
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Definition
| tachypnea and tachycardia at rest, retractions, activity intolerance (especially during feeding for infants), weight gain caused by fluid retention, and hepatomegaly. |
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Term
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Definition
| improves contractility, decreases the heart rate and slows the conduction of impulses through the AV node, and it indirectly enhances diuresis by increasing renal perfusion; enhance myocardial function and used during heart failure |
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Term
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor |
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Definition
| makes it easier for the heart to pump by reducing the afterload on the heart, causes vasodilation, decreasing pulmonary and ssytemic vascular resistance, decreased B/P, decreased RA and LA pressures. Used during heart failure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Captopril (Capoten); enalapril (Vasotec), and lisinopril. |
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Term
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Definition
| Metoprolol and Carvedilol (Coreg) |
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Term
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Definition
| cause decreased heart rate, decreased BP and vasodilation. Newest medications to be added to the treatment of some children with HF. |
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Term
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Definition
| A __ hour feeding schedule usually works best in infants with CHD. |
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Term
| polycythemia and clubbing |
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Definition
| Overtime two physiologic changes occur in the body in response to chronic hypoxemia... |
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Term
| polycythemia (caused by chronic hypoxemia which causes erythropoiesis) |
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Definition
| an increased number in red blood cells; increasing the viscosity of the blood) |
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Term
| clubbing (occurs in HF due to chronic tissue hypoxemia and polycythemia) |
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Definition
| thickening and flattening of the tips of the fingers and toes |
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Term
| Shunt (much like the purpose of the ductus arteriosus) |
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Definition
| used to increase blood flow to the lungs through a systemic artery-to-pulmonary artery connection. |
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Term
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Definition
| obstruction on left side of the heart results in ... |
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Term
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Definition
| obstruction on the right side of the heart results in ... |
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Term
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Definition
| increased pulmonary blood flow; and obstruction to blood flow from ventricles |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased pulmonary blood flow; and mixed blood flow |
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Term
| increased pulmonary blood flow (clinically pt's usually present with signs and symptoms of HF) |
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Definition
| allows blood flow from the high pressure left side of the heart to the low pressure right side of the heart (decreased or increased pulmonary blood flow?) |
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Term
| clinically infants and children present with signs of HF |
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Definition
| obstructive defect on the heart (blood entering the heart meets anatomic narrowing) ; pressure load on ventricle and decreased cardiac output. Clincally present with... |
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Term
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Definition
| blood has a difficult time exiting the right side of the heart via the pulmonary artery, pressure on the right side of the heart increases, exceeding left side pressure. This allows for desaturated blood to shunt right to left, which causes desaturation in the left side of the heart and in the systemic circulation. Patients present with... |
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Term
| Mixed defects causing some degree of desaturation (cyanosis is not always visible) and signs of HF. |
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Definition
| Hemodynamically, fully saturated blood mixes with desaturated pulmonary blood, which causes a relative desaturation of the systemic blood. (pulmonary congestion and cardiac output decreases). Patient presents with... |
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Term
| bacterial (infective) endocarditis |
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Definition
| infection of the valves and inner lining of the heart which can potentially damage or destroy the heart valves |
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Term
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Definition
| (blood bypasses the lungs and goes through hear to the atria; pulmonary artery to aorta) |
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Term
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Definition
| in the liver (goes from umbilical vein then to liver and then to |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| higher pressure on which side of the heart? |
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Term
(opening from left side of the heart to the right side of the heart; puts pressure on the right side of the heart and the lungs are getting more blood and volume at increased pressures; this baby will be pink)
tachypnea and tachycardia
Pulmonary edema
Cardiomegaly (especially on right side)
Pulmonary hypertension
Increased pulmonary blood flow |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased Pulmonary flow defects |
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Definition
Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus (ductus ateriousus is normal it turns patent if it proceeds after birth?) |
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Term
| Decreased pulmonary blood flow |
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Definition
Right to left shunt (blue blood going straight out to the body)
Decreased arterial O2 saturation
Chronic acidosis
Cyanosis
Exercise intolerance
Clubbing of fingers and toes
Growth failure
Polycythemia (blood is more viscous and harder to pump)
Increased risk of thrombus, emboli, stroke, brain abcess |
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Term
| Decreased pulmonary blood flow |
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Definition
Tetralogy of Fallot
Tricuspid atresia |
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Term
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Definition
| Cause a murmur, if it is bad enough it will cause a heart failure. Baby will be pink. Often times the constriction isnt that bad, but they will have weak femoral pulses and so you would do upper and lower B/P (should be higher in lower extremeties). With this the blood pressure will be higher or equal in the arms |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood blood goes to right atrium and right ventricle contracts and blood is going to back up and the right ventricle is going to pump and get bigger, work harder, And go into heart failure. Baby might be blue, but it could not be because the beby is not sending out cyanotic blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Baby will be pink but the blood will back up into the lungs. The baby will go into heart failure. Could possibly get blue with exercise. Tx for this is to fix the valve |
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Term
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Definition
| baby will be pink and have a soft murmur, babies will be asymptomatic, eventually they will develop pulmonary hypertensions, that is why babies will be operated on preferably before age 5. |
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Term
| ventricular septal defect |
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Definition
| Baby will be pink. Baby will go into heart failure. Surgery for this is open heart; postoperatively you would expect a pacemaker placed because of the problems with rhythm due to sutures. |
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Term
| transposition of great arteries |
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Definition
| Pulmonary artery and aorta are switched around. This is not compatible with life. Baby will be very cyanotic and baby will have a very low PaO2 (22-25%?) After 48 hours the certain valves (PDA ect) will close causing the baby to die. If their murmurs change in any way that is an emergency. If the baby is lucky they will have a large VSD |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 defects: severe pulmonary stenosis, bid VSD, VSD is proximated right over the aorta (which makes it easier for the blue blood to go right out of the aorta without mixing) hypertrophy. The baby will be blue (blue blood going right out of the aorta. Muscles can go into spasm causing even less blood flow (loss of consciousness) |
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Term
| Hypoplastic ascending aorta or hypoplastic left ventricle |
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Definition
| These children will either need heart transplant or they go home and outgrow the heart and die. Norwood procedure doesn’t really normalize things and still facing death. Depends on how hypoplastic the heart is by how long the children live. |
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Term
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Definition
Ineffective myocardial function
Myocarditis (rheumatic fever, Kawasaki’s)
Myocardial ischemia
Acidosis
Electrolyte imbalance (potassium)
Dysrythmia
Prolonged tachycardia—decreased filling time (causing low cardiac output)
Bardycardia (cardiac output decreases)
Excessive demand for cardiac output--anemia
Increased volume
Increased circulatory volume
Overhydration
Fluid retention
Altered hemodynamics:R to L shunt
Obstruction to Outflow
Structural defects
Structural defects: aortic stenosis, coarctation
Cor pulmonale (diseased lungs)
Pulmonary disease
Pulmonary hypertension
Severe systemic hypertnsion |
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Term
| St. Vitus Dance: The Fifth Manifestation |
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Definition
aka, chorea) reflects CNS involvement
Definition: Chorea refers to sudden, aimless movements of extremities, involuntary facial grimaces, speech disturbances, emotional lability and muscle weakness
Worse with anxiety and relieved by rest |
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