Term
| Failure of the tissues of the GI tract to separate properly from the respiratory tract early in prenatal like are called? |
|
Definition
Esophageal Atresia or
Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of TEF? |
|
Definition
| Upper esophagus ends in a blind pouch with the lower esophagus connecting to the trachea |
|
|
Term
| What % of children get the most common type of TEF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What illnesses can children get from the most common cause of TEF? |
|
Definition
Distension
Aspiration pneumonia from the gastric juices |
|
|
Term
| Which TEF will cause vomiting? |
|
Definition
| Upper esophagus and the lower esophagus end in a blind pouch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Upper esophagus is attached to the trachea along with lower esophagus
- Upper esophagus connects to the trachea and lower esophagus ends in a blind pouch
- Upper esophagus connects to trachea lower esophagus connects to the stomach
|
|
|
Term
| What does the nurse assess with TEF? |
|
Definition
| The first feeding to see if there is any obstruction |
|
|
Term
| What is the first sign of TEF prenatally? |
|
Definition
| The mother has an excess of amniotic fluid in the sac. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excess of amniotic fluid in sac |
|
|
Term
| At birth, what is the first sign of TEF? |
|
Definition
| infant will vomit and choke during first feeding |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the upper end of the esophagus ends in a blind pouch? |
|
Definition
| infant will drool because they can't swallow accumulated secretions |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the upper end of the esophagus is attached to the trachea? |
|
Definition
| Newborn will choke resulting in coughing, cyanosis, and apnea |
|
|
Term
| What happens when the lower end of the esophagus enters the trachea? |
|
Definition
| air enters the stomach when the infant breathes causing abdominal distention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to prevent pneumonia, choking and apnea |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for TEF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when the GI tract and the anus end in blind pouches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some s/s of Imperforate Anus? |
|
Definition
failure to pass meconium in the first 24 hours
failed routine exam of anus |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Imperforate Anus? |
|
Definition
| temporay colostomy until anal canal is surgically repaired |
|
|
Term
| What is a narrowing obstruction of the pylorus caused by overgrowth of the circular muscles of the pylorus or by spasms of the sphincter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do s/s of PS first appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common surgical condition of the digestive tract in infancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These s/s: projectile vomiting immediately after birth, dehydration with sunken fontanels, poor skin tugor, decrease in wet diapers, olive-shaped mass felt RUQ of abdomen, distended stomach or peristaltic waves visible during feedings are of what condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surgical intervention to enlarge the opening of the pylrous |
|
|
Term
| What are some NI for pyloric stenosis? |
|
Definition
| IV fluids, weigh diapers, I&O, daily weights, frequent VS postop, glucose feeding for the first feeding after surgery then progress to small frequent feeding to avoid over feeding |
|
|
Term
| What is also known as gluten enteropathy or spure disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the leading cause of malabsorption problems in children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| S/S of Celiac Disease occur at what age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some foods high in gluten? |
|
Definition
| Wheat, barley, oats and rye |
|
|
Term
| What are some s/s of Celiac Disease? |
|
Definition
frothy, bulky, large stools
abdominal distention with atrophy of the buttocks |
|
|
Term
| How is the Dx of Celiac disease confirmed? |
|
Definition
| Serum IgA test and small bowel biopsy |
|
|
Term
| What is also known as Aganglionic Megacolon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When there is an absence of ganglionic innervation to the muscle of a segment of bowel causing lack of normal peristalsis is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is ganglionic innervation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hirschsprung's Disease result in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is usually seen in the lower portion of the sigmoid colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These s/s: ribbonlike stools, abdominal distention, higher incidence with Down Syndrome children, no meconium stool within 24-48h, undernutrition, poor feedings, constipation and diarrhea are common in what condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Hirschsprung's Disease? |
|
Definition
| Surgery-impaired part of colon is removed and an anastomosis of the intestine is performed- 12mo-18mo |
|
|
Term
| This condition causes slipping of one part of the intestine into another part just below it- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a common site for Intussusception? |
|
Definition
| at the ileocecal valve-sm intestine opens into the ascending colon |
|
|
Term
| Occurs in boys at what age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These s/s-severe abdominal pain with crying, straining efforts, kicking, and drawing up of legs, green or greenish yellow emesis, currant jelly stools (stools containing blood and mucus with no feces present), fever up to 106F- are of what condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Barium enema is the first treatment of choice of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If reduction is not accomplished by barium enema then is will occur- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the barium enema do for Intssusception? |
|
Definition
| pushes small intestine back into place |
|
|
Term
| What develops when the vitelline duct fails to disappear completely, thus resulting in a small blind pouch ususally occurs at the ileocecal valve and connect to the umbilicus by a cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common congenital malformation of the GI tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These s/s- painless rectal bleeding, bright red or dark stools, abdominal pain are of what condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the Dx made of Merkel's Diverticulum? |
|
Definition
| Barium enema and radionuclide scintigraphy |
|
|
Term
| What is treatment of Merkel's Diverticulum? |
|
Definition
| Surgery with removal of diverticulum |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of Hernias? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hernia is the protrusion of part of the abdomen contents through the groin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hernia is the protrusion of the portion of the intestine through the belly button? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hernia can be put back in place by gentle pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hernias cannot be put back in place? |
|
Definition
| Incarcerated or irreducible |
|
|
Term
| These s/s-irritable, fretfulness, constipation, vomiting, abdominal pain are of what condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is inflammation of the stomach and intestines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is inflammation of the colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is inflammation of the colon and small intestines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastroenteritis, Colitis, and Enterocolitis are most common diseases causing ...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Disorders of motility are usually caused by...? |
|
Definition
| food intolerance, overfeeding, improper formula preparation, or indigestion of high amount of sorbitol |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of Gastroenteritis? |
|
Definition
- oral dehydrating solutions-Pedialyte, Lytren, Ricelyte, or Resol
- accurate I&O -weighing diapers or weigh child daily
- Good skin care with frequent diaper changes
- Frequent handwashing
|
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of Gastroenteritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Gastroeneteritis? |
|
Definition
| Observe for s/s of deyhdration and enteric precautions and standard precautions |
|
|
Term
| What is the sudden contractions of the diaphragn and muscles of the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the various causes of vomiting? |
|
Definition
| viruses, formula intolerance, infections, pneumonia, and intracranial pressue |
|
|
Term
| What are the treatments of vomiting? |
|
Definition
| Teach feeding techinques to parents, accurate I&O, charting time, amount, color, consistency, force, and fequency; IV fluids, and administer antiemetics (Tigan or Phenergan) for persistant vomiting |
|
|
Term
| What condition is when the lower esophageal sphincter is relaxed or not competent, which allows the stomach contents to be easily regurgitated into the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition is seen in preterm infants who have neuromuscular delays and in children with neuromuscular disorders (Cerebral Palsy/Downs Syndrome)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These s/s-vomiting (first or second week of life), wt loss, failure to thrive and respiratroy problems are caused by this condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test is performed for Gastroesophageal Reflux? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What medication is given for GR? |
|
Definition
| Reglen, Tagament, or Zantac |
|
|
Term
| How is formula given to an infant with GR? |
|
Definition
| 1 tsp rice with 1 oz of formula-upright to feed for 30" after feeding |
|
|
Term
| When is medication given to infants with GR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An apnick monitor is used for what condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is some teaching is given to parents for GR? |
|
Definition
| frequent burping, avoid overfeeding, thicken formula, upright position after feedings |
|
|
Term
| What is the sudden increase in stools from the infants normal pattern with fluid consistency and color that is green or contains mucus or blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of stomach conditions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation, infection, medication, food or posioning |
|
|
Term
| What can diarrhea be a indication of if lasting more that 2 weeks? |
|
Definition
| malabsorption, long term inflammatory disease, or allergy response |
|
|
Term
| These s/s-watery, yellowish stools that expelled with force, listless, poor appetite, fever, vomiting, dehydration, decreased urine output and hyperactive bowel sounds- are an indication of what condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 types of Diarrhea? |
|
Definition
Rotavirus-occurs in daycares
E coli- poorly cooked foods or lack of hygiene-attacks the kidneys and causes hemolytic anemia
Salmanella- contaminated foods or pet contact- most common
C Dif- prolonged antibiotic therapy
Giardia lamblia- intestinal protozoan-contacted from swimming in lakes, ponds etc |
|
|
Term
| What are some at home treatments for diarrhea? |
|
Definition
Brat diet-bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast
Pedialyte-24-48h
Advance to soft bland diet
Avoid sodas, fruit juices, chicken broth, and gelatin |
|
|
Term
| What condition is the difficult or infrequent defication with the passage of hard dry fecal material associated with abdominal discomforts or blood-streaked stool? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What indicates constipation? |
|
Definition
| fewer than 7 bm's in a 2 week period |
|
|
Term
| Which fruit is a natural laxative? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some treatments for constipation? |
|
Definition
increase roughage in diet including fiber
increase fluid intake
stool softener may be prescribed
establish routine bowel habits |
|
|
Term
| What occurs more quickly in children than in adults? |
|
Definition
| Fluid turnover and dehydration |
|
|
Term
| Why do infants adapt poorly to rapid shift changes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What depends on fluid balance, cardiovascular, renal, adrenal, pituitary, parathyroid, and pulmonary regulatory mechanisms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are preferred over IV fluids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much intracellular fluids to children have in their bodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much is extracellular fluid in children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is used when the child cannot take oral fluids to replace their electrolyte imbalance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What IV fluid is D2.5% +.4%NS and D5+.2NS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What IV fluid is used for school-age children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which IV fluid is rarely used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What IV fluid is D5+.45NS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What IV fluid is used for school-age children (hypertonic)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What IV fluid is used for burns? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when the fluid output exceeds fluid intake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the assessment of a dehydrated child? |
|
Definition
History-wt changes, history of illiness contacts, stool & vomiting frequencies
Clinical Exam- daily wt, skin turgor, mucous membrane moisture, fontanel fullness, and mental state
Lab Test- CBC, BUN, Ca, Glucose, Osmolarity, Creatinine, and Electrolytes
Urinalysis- specific gravity, pH, glucose, ketones, amino acids, and culture if s/s of infection |
|
|
Term
| What is considered mild dehydration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is considered moderate dehydration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is considered severe dehydration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of dehydration is when the child has lost equal amounts of fluids and electrolytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of dehydration is when the child has lost more electrolytes than fluids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of dehydration is when the child has lost more fluids than electrolytes? |
|
Definition
| Hypertonic/severe vomiting |
|
|
Term
| Treatments of dehydration include: |
|
Definition
| What type of IV fluids to give, maybe a supplement of K+ or not, and the amount and rate of IV fluids given |
|
|
Term
| What condition happens when the body receives more fluid than it can excrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the s/s of overhydration? |
|
Definition
Edema is present in excess fluid in the interstitialspaces
Cerebral edema with head injuries- give mannitol |
|
|
Term
| What is severe generalized edema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some treatments for overhydration? |
|
Definition
| Daily wt and weigh diapers, Accurate I&O, check for edema around eyes, presacral, occipital or genital areas, correlate lab findings with oral fluid intake and foods, restrict fluid and Na+ diet, reposition frequently |
|
|
Term
| What happens when children fail to gain or often lose wt without an obvious cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of Failure to Thrive in children? |
|
Definition
Organic pathology
Non organic pathology |
|
|
Term
| What failure to thrive is caused by physical disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What failure to thrive is caused by lack of parent-infant interaction, neglect, environmental factors or lack of nutritional need? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for FTT? |
|
Definition
| plan needs to be developed to meet the needs for the child to include develoopmental, physical and psychological |
|
|
Term
| Which FTT is reported to authorities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition is a severe deficiency of protein in their diet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of child may get Kwashiorkors? |
|
Definition
| children between 1-4 who have been weaned from the breast when the next child is born |
|
|
Term
| What condition are these s/s-muscle weakness, generalized abdomen edema, diarrhea, skin infections, irritability, anorexia and vomiting, hair loss/thinning with white streaks present, apathetic and weak? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main focus of Kwashiorkor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some treatments of Kwashiorkor? |
|
Definition
| sprinkle protein powder on foods |
|
|
Term
| What is caused by the deficiency of Vit D? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some s/s of Ricketts? |
|
Definition
| bowlegs, knock-knees, beading of the ribs, and improper formation of teeth |
|
|
Term
| What are some treatments for Ricketts? |
|
Definition
| vitamin supplements, foods high in Ca++ and Vit D and lots of sunshine |
|
|
Term
| What condition is defined by an insufficient diet of fruits and veggies that contain Vit C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some s/s of scurvy? |
|
Definition
| joint pains, bleeding gums, loose teeth, and lack of energy |
|
|
Term
| What are some treatments for Scurvy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What infection is the inflammation of the appendix with/without rupture or perforation of the appendix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some s/s of appendicitis? |
|
Definition
| periumbilical pain- increases within 4h then spreads to the RLQ, vomiting, infrequent mucus diarrhea, guarding, rebound tenderness, pain on lifting thigh in the supine position and pain in the RLQ when palpated during rectal exam |
|
|
Term
| What lab tests are done to confirm or rule out Dx? |
|
Definition
| urinalysis, c-reactive protein, KUB, ultrasound, CAT scan, CBC and BMP |
|
|
Term
| What condition is an infection of the mucous membrane of the mouth caused by a fungus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some s/s of Thrush? |
|
Definition
| whte patches on tongue, inner lips, gums, and oral mucosa |
|
|
Term
| If untreated Thrush may cause what condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some treatments of Thrush? |
|
Definition
| Local application of Mycostatin (nystatin), swab mouth after feedings, use disposable bottles, nipples, and pacifiers |
|
|
Term
| Which worms are usually seen in toddlers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some s/s of Pinworms? |
|
Definition
| Itching of the anal area, irritability, restlessness, weight loss, poor appetite, and fretfulness at night |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for pinworms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What worms are caused by unsanitary disposal of human feces and poor hygiene practice? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some s/s of Roundworms? |
|
Definition
abd pain
chronic cough without fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the goal in treatment of posions? |
|
Definition
| removal of the posion, prevent further absorption, call 911 then call posion control and seek med help |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of hepatic distruction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is some treatments for APAP posioning? |
|
Definition
Lavage
Mucomyst is the antedote for APAP
Monitor ALT & AST levels- repeat in 4h, 8h then daily |
|
|
Term
| What is the overdose of ASA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some treatments for ASA posioning? |
|
Definition
Vit K is the antedote for ASA
peritoneal dialysis-used for acute renal failure, serum salicylate level drawn stat, monitor BUN and Creatinine levels-recheck in 4h |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes lead posioning? |
|
Definition
| a child repeatedly ingests or absorbs lead |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paints, food, water and air |
|
|
Term
| Lead can have a lasting effect on what system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Lead posioning Dx? |
|
Definition
| blood test - over 20 do Knee xray |
|
|
Term
| What are some s/s of Lead Posioning? |
|
Definition
weakness, weight loss, anorexia, pallor, irritability, vomiting, abd pain and constipation
Later stages-anemia, nervous system involvement, muscle incoordination, neuritis, convulsions and encephalitis |
|
|
Term
| What are some treatments for Lead posioning? |
|
Definition
| reduce the concentration of lead in tissues and blood by ingesting Iron and Vit C |
|
|
