Term
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Definition
| concave A/P curve (kyphosis) |
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Term
|
Definition
1. cervical lordosis develops at approx 3 mo
2. lumbar lordosis develops as infant learns to sit. (tight iliopsoas and playing in anti-gravity prone position creates lordosis) |
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Term
|
Definition
1. 4 spine curves
2. lumbar lordosis 15-20 degrees |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Posterior tilt
2. ilium and sacrum are upright
3. shallow acetabulum
4. acetabulum roof- 7 degrees from vertical, 30 degrees from horizontal |
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Term
|
Definition
As infant learns to walk:
1. develops an anterior tilt
2. illia thicken, sacral curve increases
3. acetabulum deepens
4. acetabular roof rotates from vertical to a forward inclination |
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Term
|
Definition
As infant learns to walk:
1. develops an anterior tilt
2. illia thicken, sacral curve increases
3. acetabulum deepens
4. acetabular roof rotates from vertical to a forward inclination |
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Term
|
Definition
3 years:
1. acetabular roof reaches adult values
-- 17 degrees from vertical, 20 degrees from horizontal |
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Term
|
Definition
ROM (positioned in flexion, abduction, ER)
- flexion 30-120
- abd 70
- ER 90
- IR 60
(ER contractures limit IR even though the femur has 40 degrees of anteversion) |
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Term
|
Definition
ROM 12 months
- flex 10-120
- ER 70 |
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Term
|
Definition
1. deep acetabulum
2. acetabulum faces forward, outward and downward (reaches adult configuration by 8 years) |
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Term
|
Definition
ROM
- in children < 2 years: IR + ER =120
- in children > 2 years: IR + ERR = 95-110 degrees
- By 2 years ER=IR
- at school age children have 40-50 degrees |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1. angle of inclination 135-145 (150)
2. femoral anteversion with Ryders test = 40 degrees |
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Term
|
Definition
Femoral Antetorsion
- 18 mo =30 deg
- 24 m0 =30-31 deg
- 4 years = 26-30 deg
- 8 years = 24-25 deg |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Angle of inclination = 125 deg
2. femoral anteversion (8-16 deg)
(retroversion- less anteversion than when a baby) |
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Term
|
Definition
1. knee flexion contracture (30deg)
2. genu varum |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Full knee extension achieved between 12-24 mo
2. at 12 months genu varum has lessened but is still present |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Frontal Plane
- 18 mo: no varum or valgus
- 2-4 yrs: genu valgus (peak at 30-36 mo)
- 4-7 yrs: valgum resolves
- valgum/varus varies by race and gender
2. sagittal
- 3 years: hyperextension |
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Term
|
Definition
| frontal plane generally stratight without significant valgus or varus, varies by sex and race |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Medial tibial torsion: 5-10 deg
2. Tibial retroversion: posterior bend of tibial shaft (27 deg) due to pull of hamstring and gastrocs |
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Term
|
Definition
Tibial retroversion
- 3 yrs: 17 deg
- 10 yrs: 7 deg |
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Term
|
Definition
1. external tibial torsion: 20-25 deg
2. tibial retroversion
- 5 deg (if retroversion persists-- genu recruvatum caused by hamstring weakness, tightness or spasticity) |
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Term
|
Definition
1 excessive DF
- 70 DF
- 15-30 PF
- resting position: 15 deg DF
2. Forefoot and hindfoot varus: 22 calcaneal varus
3. no longitudinal arch |
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Term
|
Definition
1. NWB varus decreases until age 2
2. WB calcaneal valgus with laterally rotated foot |
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Term
|
Definition
2 yrs: pronation of calcaneus and forefoot...arch is starting to be visible
3 yrs: arch is more visible
7 yrs: arch is visible but still low |
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Term
|
Definition
| 0-3 degrees of calcaneal varus |
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Term
|
Definition
+4-+10 for all ages but is variable with children <2
a. -1 to -10 mild abnormal
b. -10 to -15 moderate
c. >-15 very abnormal (seen in CP)
d. +15 causes abnormal pronation |
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Term
|
Definition
birth: mean is 0 to -10 (range -25 to +20)
middle childhood: mean is +1- (range -5 to +30) |
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Term
|
Definition
(higher than foot thigh angle by approx 10 deg)
birth: mean is 0 (-3 to +2-_
middle childhood: mean +20 (0 to +45) |
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Term
|
Definition
ectoderm- skin, CNS, PNS
mesoderm- muscles, CT, skeleton
endoderm- mouth, respiratory system, GI system |
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Term
| Intramembranous Ossification |
|
Definition
- directly within mesenchyme tissue
* mesenchyme osteoid (collagen matrix) => calcium phosphate chrystals accumulate => ossification
* numerous ossification centers fuse to form spongy bone
- begins near end of embryonic period
- CLAVICAL, MANDIBLE, DKULL
- 3 wg |
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Term
| Endochondral Ossification |
|
Definition
- hyaline cartilage serves as template
- long bones
- primary ossification: diaphysis
*begins 8 wg and calcified by birth
- secondary ossification: epiphysis
* cartilage at birth |
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Term
|
Definition
-differentiation of interzonal mesenchyme
- basic structure 6 wg
- final shape develops throughout childhood |
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Term
|
Definition
-differentiation of interzonal mesenchyme
- basic structure 6 wg
- final shape develops throughout childhood |
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Term
| Mechanisms of Bone Growth |
|
Definition
A. Bone Lengthening
* epiphyseal plate: hyaline cartilage has interstitial growth at epiphysis and endochondral ossification in metaphysis
* traction epiphses (apophyses): growth plates at points of muscular attachement
B. Appositional Bone Growth: thickness and density of diaphysis increases
*most rapid prenatally and age 7 to puberty |
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Term
| What has effects on Bone and Joint Development? |
|
Definition
1. intrauterine environment
2. muscle weakness
3. mechanical loading on epiphyseal plate |
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