Term
| right atrium is to the right of the left atrium |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| anatomic right atrium to the left of the anatomic left atrium |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| heart is on the right side of the chest |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| heart is on the left side of the chest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| identification of the 2 atria is impossible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what leads to hypoplastic left heart syndrome? |
|
Definition
| premature closure of the Foramen Ovale |
|
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Term
| what defects are associated with Turner's Syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what defects are associated with Marfan syndrome |
|
Definition
| MCP, Aortic Aneurysm, Aortic Root Dissection |
|
|
Term
| what defects are associated with CHARGE association? |
|
Definition
| ventricular, atrioventricular, ASD |
|
|
Term
| what defects are associated with Turner syndrome? |
|
Definition
| coarctation of the aorta, bicuspid aortic valve, Marfan's syndrome |
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Term
| most important test in the eval of CHD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| murmur is very soft, not immediately apparent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| murmur is soft but immediately audible |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| murmur is loud without a palpable thrill |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| murmur is audible with a palpable thrill |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| murmur can be heard with stethoscope barely touching the skin, palpable thrill |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| murmur can be heard with stethoscope not even touching the skin, palpable thrill |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| occurs at 3-6yo, grade 2-3/6, systolic, twanging string, loudest at LLSB and apex, or MLSB |
|
Definition
| Still's Murmur (classic vibratory murmur) |
|
|
Term
| murmur is decreased with inspiration, sitting up, or standing up. 8-14yo. systolic, blowing in quality. Loudest at LUSB. medium pitch |
|
Definition
| Pulmonary Ejection Murmur |
|
|
Term
| occurence = birth - infancy, disappars by 3-6m. common in pre-term neonates. systolic. Loudest at LUSB or RUSB. transmits well to the left and right cehst, axillae, and back |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| murmur intensity changes with rotation of head and disappears with compression of the jugular vein. occurence = 3-6yo. continuous murmur. Loudest at L infra-clavicular area, especially when sitting/standing. disappers when lying supine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| systolic ejection murmur, occasional thrill over carotid. occurence at any age. turbulence in carotid/subclavian artery. Sometimes heard at base of neck. Disappears with hyperextension of the shoulders. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| soft SEM at ULSB, split S2, low-pitched, mid-diastolic rumbling murmur at LLSB. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| loud, harsh, pansystolic murmur, loudest at LLSB, palpable thrill |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in severe cases, there is elevated RA pressure that causes the Foramen Ovale to open, thus resulting in a R-L shunt. Thus this "acyanotic" lesion can be associated with cyanosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SEM loudest on expiration at LUSB + ejection click, S2 split |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mild = no tx
moderate-severe = balloon dilation via cardiac cath |
|
|
Term
| this is common in Noonan Syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 theories of coarctation of the aorta |
|
Definition
mechanical obstruction
humoral theory |
|
|
Term
| CXR = cardiomegaly, normal pulmonary vaculature, rib notching. SEM loudest at LUSB, heard left interscapular. |
|
Definition
| Coarctaction of the Aorta |
|
|
Term
| associated with left ventricular failur causing backup of blood into the left atrium, resulting in pulomary HTN. LVH can cause decreased coronary artery pressure --> MI. Systolic thrill loudest at RUSB, suprasternal notch, carotids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| classic triad of aortic stenosis |
|
Definition
| syncope, angina, exertional dyspnea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exercise restrictions (avoid contact sports), surgery, balloon valvuloplasty in kids, valve replacement in adults. |
|
|
Term
| complication of an uncorrected congenital heart anomaly that produces a L-R shunt, causing increased pulmonary resistance, and eventual reversal of the shunt to R-L |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary complications of Eisenmenger's syndrome |
|
Definition
| cyanosis, clubbing, polycythemia |
|
|
Term
| tx of Eisenmenger Syndrome |
|
Definition
| supportive. If severe = heart/lung transplant. Endocarditis prophylaxis. |
|
|
Term
| tetrad of the Tetrology of Fallot |
|
Definition
| pulmonary stenosis, over-riding aorta, VSD, RVH |
|
|
Term
| CXR = normal heart size but boot shaped. systolic murmur, loudest at LLSB. Must have ASD, PDA, or VSD. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
CXR = egg on a string.
SEM of variable intensity, loud single S2 |
|
Definition
| transposition of the great arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| balloon atrial septostomy if inadequate shunting (emergency!) |
|
|
Term
| if uncorrect pt will develop CHF due to pulmonary overload |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
medical = digitalis, diuretics
surgical options are available. |
|
|
Term
| pansystolic murmur 4/6 + diastolic murmur loudest at LLSB/apex, systolic ejection click, single S2. VSD is often present. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in TAPVC, where does the PV most commonly arise from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
CXR = cardiomegaly, snowman
SEM loudest at LLSB, + diastolic murmur, wide split S2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| entire systemic cardiac output passes through the ductus arteriosus, so that when the vessel constricts, systemic cardiac output is reduced. Eventually acidosis, hypotension, and death occur. |
|
Definition
| hypoplastic left heart syndrome |
|
|
Term
| diagnostic test for hypoplastic left heart syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tx of hypoplastic left heart syndrome |
|
Definition
| prostaglandin, diuretics, surgery |
|
|
Term
| what is usually present with hypoplastic left heart syndrome? |
|
Definition
| discrete coarctation of the aorta |
|
|
Term
| when does myocarditis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
MC cardiomyopathy in kids?
least common? |
|
Definition
MC = congestive
least = restrictive |
|
|
Term
| echo = enlarged ventricles with little or not wall thickening |
|
Definition
| congestive/dilated cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
| tx of dilated cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
management for CHF: digoxin, diuretics, rest, anticoagulation.
end result = myocardial damage |
|
|
Term
| CXR = globular shaped heart wtih LV enlargement |
|
Definition
| hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
| tx of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
| moderate restriction of activity, negative inotropes, BB, CCB, SBE prophylaxis, Defibrillator if at risk of sudden death, if symptomatic with subaortic obstruction = myectomy |
|
|
Term
| left ventricular heave, sharp upstroke of arterial pulse, murmur of MR, mid-systolic ejection murmur of LMSB that increases in the standing position |
|
Definition
| hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
| tx of restrictive cardiomyopathy |
|
Definition
| bed rest, diuretics, inotropes (dopamine, dobutamine), digoxin, gamma globulin, steroids, heart transplant |
|
|
Term
| immune reaction to untreated Group A Beta-hemolytic strep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polyarthritis, carditis, chorea, erythema marginatum, subcutaneous nodules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fever, arthralgia, previous rhematic fever, elevated acute phase reactants, increased ESR/CRP, leukocytosis, prolonged P-R interval on EKG |
|
|
Term
| prevention of rheumatic fever |
|
Definition
| proper tx of strep pharyngitis with abx. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bed rest
abx = PCN to eradicate B-hem strep
ASA for arthritic pain
Daily exam for development of carditis
Anti-inflammatory meds = corticosteroisd for severe carditis.
IVIg antibodies
symptomatic treatment |
|
|
Term
| precordial pain (exaggerated supine, relieved leaning forward), fever, other multi-organ involvement. Distant heart sounds, friction rub, decreased pulse pressure, JVD, paradoxical pulse |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CXR = water bottle or rapidly enlarged hard |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| risks for infective endocarditis |
|
Definition
| bacteremia from gingival disease, IV drug use, or central venous catheter |
|
|
Term
| MC bacterial causes of infective endocarditis |
|
Definition
| strep viridins, enterococcus, staph aureus, staph epidermidis |
|
|
Term
| MC fungal causes of infective endocarditis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tx of infective endocarditis |
|
Definition
repeated blood cultures, IV abx x 4wks.
occasionally require surgery.
Prophylactic abx 1 hr prior to procedure |
|
|
Term
| splinter hemorrhages, roth spots, osler painful) nodes, Janeway (Painless) lesions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| abx for infective endocarditis |
|
Definition
amoxicillin 2g or 50mg/kg.
if PCN allergic = clindamycin 600mg or 20mg/kg. or Cephalexix/Cefadroxil, Azithromycin or Clarithromycin |
|
|
Term
| what BP readings need a work up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| elevation of both sytolic and diastolic BP with acute end organ damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is end organ damage? |
|
Definition
| cerebral infarction, pulmonary edema, renal failure |
|
|
Term
| siginificant BP elevation without end organ damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tx of hypertensive urgency |
|
Definition
| lower MAP by 20% over 1hr and return to baseline over next 24-48 hrs. observe in ED for 4-6 hrs. close follow up is mandatory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enalaprilat IV = may cause hyperkalemia or hypoglycemia.
minoxidil PO contraindicated in pheochromocytoma |
|
|
Term
| tx for normal/boderline LDL |
|
Definition
| education/risk factor intervention: diet and exercise, borderline = reasses in 1 yr |
|
|
Term
| drug therapy in dyslipidemia |
|
Definition
| only considered for children >10yo after failure of adequate trial of diet therapy (6-12m). DOC = bile acid sequestrants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| costochondrits, injury, truama, acid reflux, referred abd pain, stress, anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AS, PS, TR, MR, systolic click, ASD, VSD, ejection sounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| TS, MS, AR, PR, opening snap, S3, S4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
L-R
PDA, VSD, ASD, coarc, PS, AS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
R-L
TOF, TOGA, TAPVR, tricuspid atresia, truncus arteriosus, HLHS |
|
|
