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| is a naturally occurring material and consists of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic molecules of various molecular weights. |
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| which produce a higher percentage of gasoline or other high value products will demand a higher price. |
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| which contains 42 U.S. gallons. |
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| is commonly expressed as 10 Mcf, or 0.010 MMcf |
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| is referred to as billion cubic feet of gas and commonly abbreviated Bcf. |
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| are estimates of oil and gas that can be recovered from the geologic formations where they exist. Reserves are held in subsurface reservoirs (containers). |
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| 1 Barrel of Oil Equivalent |
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| 1 Barrel of Oil Equivalent |
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| is the ratio of a mass per unit volume. Common oil-field measurements of density include pounds per gallon (ppg), and grams per cubic centimeter (g/cc). Fresh water at standard conditions has a density of 8.334 ppg, or 1 gm/cc. |
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| is the inverse of density and is volume per unit mass. is much less common in oil field calculations than density. |
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| can viewed as a ratio of two densities, where the denominator serves as a reference, typically at stated conditions of pressure and temperature. |
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| (Density of Oil) / (Density of Water) (at 14.7 psig and 60 deg Fahrenheit) |
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| SGOil = (Density of Oil) / (Density of Water) (at 14.7 psig and 60 deg Fahrenheit) |
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| = 7.0 ppg / 8.334 ppg = 0.84 |
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| is 8.334 pounds per gallon (ppg) and exerts a pressure of 0.433 psi per ft. |
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| the static bottom hole pressure |
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| is a crude oil measurement based upon its specific gravity |
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| API gravity can easily be determined with a ________. This is especially helpful for measurement in the field. |
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| 141.5 / (API gravity + 131.5) |
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| Product prices of crude oil |
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| is influenced by its API gravity, typically lighter crudes contain a higher percentage of valuable components when they are refined (gasoline). |
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| API gravity less than 22.3 degrees API |
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| Intermediate (Medium) Crude: |
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API gravity between 22.3 degrees API and 31.1 degrees API
e.g. West Texas Intermediate |
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| API gravity higher than 31.1 degrees. |
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| Condensates from natural gas production |
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| are typically higher than 45 degrees API. |
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| indicates the “thickness” of a fluid, e.g, how easy is it to stir the fluid. |
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| Viscosity is dependent upon temperature, |
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| if we raise the temperature of a crude oil, its viscosity decreases and becomes easier to flow, thus one of the reasons we inject steam into high viscosity oil reservoirs. |
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| The technical definition of viscosity |
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| is a fluid’s resistance to shear and is measured in centipoise (cp). |
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| Conventional Crude Oil Reservoirs |
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| These reservoirs are defined as reservoirs which can be produced by ordinary means (oil well methods) |
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| Unconventional Oil Reservoirs – |
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| Extra heavy oils are highly viscous and typically less than 20 degrees API gravity. They often contain sulfur and heavy metals nickel and vanadium, which increase refining difficulty. Venezuela’s Orinoco heavy oil belt is on of the best known examples of this type of resource. |
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| differ from extra heavy oil because they are much less likely to flow. The largest accumulation of tar sands are the Athabasca oil sands located in northern Alberta. These deposits are typically strip mined and hauled to refineries via trucks, where the extracted material is heated (retorted) to extract the oil. |
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| is a fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen. Kerogen is a mixture of organic compounds which can be converted to shale oil. The expense of this extraction and conversion has yielded few economically viable projects worldwide. Some of the largest accumulations of oil shale occur in the western United States, in particular the Green River formation found in Colorado. |
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| Conventional natural gas reservoirs |
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| are those which have accumulated in sedimentary rock and possess permeability and porosity large enough to flow gas to the wellbore without significant intervention. |
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| Unconventional Natural Gas Reservoirs – |
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| Tight gas sands are characterized by their very low permeability and inability to produce economically without significant intervention, usually by massive hydraulic fracturing. |
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| Natural gas is produced from coal bed seams by drilling wellbores and pumping out water (dewatering). When the water is removed, the methane is deadsorbed (released) from the coal matrix. |
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| is natural gas produced from shale. It typically exhibits very low permeability and must be hydraulic fracture stimulated in order to produce in economically paying quantities. It is usually described as a resource play, where the geological risk of not finding gas is low, but profit per well is also usually lower as well. |
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| is often used in shale plays to increase the number of natural fractures encountered by the wellbore. The gas held in natural fractures is produced first, the gas held in the pore space is produced next, and finally the gas adsorbed onto the organic material in the shale is produce last as the formation pressure is depleted from gas production. |
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| Petroleum is a complex mixture of organic chemicals, primarily hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are organic chemicals that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Carbon has four binding locations and can bind either to hydrogen or other carbon atoms. Hydrogen has only one binding location and can only bind to a carbon atom in hydrocarbons. When carbon atoms bind to one another, they can create hydrocarbon “chains” of varying length. |
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| are either straight chain or branched chain saturated hydrocarbons and have a general formula of CnH2n+2 |
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| "isomer” of the normal chain alkane. |
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| branched chained alkanes are considered |
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| include inert compounds and impurities, primarily hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen (N2). |
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| alkanes of C9 through C16 |
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| are also saturated hydrocarbons, but rather than existing as straight or branched chains, they exist as hydrocarbon rings and have the general formula of CnH2n. |
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