Term
| At puberty, there are approximately ________ ovums in the ovary. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When the follicle ruptures releasing the ovum, it then forms this structure: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| LH binds to receptors on these cells: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| These cells convert androgrens to estrogens: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| FSH stimulates the growth of immature _______. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| LH binds to theca cells, stimulating the synthesis of: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Ovulation occurs at the time of this hormonal surge: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The corpus luteum secretes this androgen: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Progesterone has a negative feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary to prevent: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The chorion secretes ____, which maintains the lining of the womb. |
|
Definition
| Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) |
|
|
Term
| The placenta secretes these hormones during development: |
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Definition
| Estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
Term
| FSH stimulates these cells in the testes to produce testosterone: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| FSH stimulates these cells which are essential for spermatogenesis: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Testosterone is converted to this molecule which goes on to act on secondary sex organs: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This estrogen is the most common in females: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Androgens, estrogens, and progestins all come from this precursor molecule: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Androstenedione is converted to this molecule by 17B-HSD: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Androstenedione is converted to this molecule by aromatase: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Testosterone is converted to this molecule by aromatase: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Sex hormones are hydrophobic molecules, so they are transported by these proteins: |
|
Definition
| Sex-hormone binding globulin and albumin |
|
|
Term
| Testosterone has limited binding affinity, so it is converted to this molecule which has greater affinity: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone by this enzyme: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Once dihydrotestosternoe binds to androgen receptors, a ________ forms, which binds to the ______ region of the gene inducing ______ and ______ of the gene. |
|
Definition
| Once dihydrotestosternoe binds to androgen receptors, a HOMODIMER forms, which binds to the PROMOTER region of the gene inducing TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION of the gene. |
|
|
Term
| This drug used to treat BPH and male pattern baldness inhibits 5a-reductase: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Finasteride, which is used to treat BPH and male pattern baldness, inhibits this enzyme: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Upon stimulation by FSH, the ovaries and testes secrete ______ and _____, which have feedback to the pituitary. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Continuous administration of GnRH does what to Gn release? |
|
Definition
| Suppresses gonadotropin release |
|
|
Term
| Secretion of GnRH is described as: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Estrogen and testosterone _____ release of GnRH, LH, and FSH. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| High concentrations of testoerone in the _____ cells is necessary for spermatogenesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both Sertoli cells and granulosa cells synthesize and secrete these regulatory proteins: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibins/activins have this effect on LH release: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In females, LH binds to receptors on theca cells, which increases: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ binds to receptors on granulosa cells to increase enzyme level and increase conversion of androgen to estrogen. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The first half of the menstrual cycle is termed the ____ phase. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| During the follicular phase, these are developed and released: |
|
Definition
| Follicle is developed; estrogen is released |
|
|
Term
| Cellular proliferation of the endometrium occurs in this phase of the menstrual cycle: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ovulation occurs during this phase of the menstrual cycle: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The corpus luteum produces progesterone in this phase of the menstrual cycle: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The endometrium becomes secretory during this phase of the menstrual cycle: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the early stages of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, estrogen has this effect on gonadotropin release: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Estrogen allows a brief positive feedback effect on LH and FSH release, which is followed by: |
|
Definition
| Follicular rupture and release of the ovum |
|
|
Term
| Progesterone's main action on the endometrium is to: |
|
Definition
| Convert the endometrium to its secretory stage to prepare the uterus for implantation |
|
|
Term
| Progesterone inhibits this during pregnancy: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Progesterone converts the endometrium into its secretory phase, which decreases: |
|
Definition
| Maternal immune response to allow for the acceptance of the pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| Progesterone blocks this action of the uterus: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fetuses use progesterone to generate: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polycystic ovarian syndrome is characterized by: |
|
Definition
| Anovulation and by increased levels of androgen (masculinization, male pattern baldness, hirsuitism) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three primary hypotheses for polycystic ovarian syndrome? |
|
Definition
| LH Hypothesis, Insulin Theory, Ovarian Hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| This theory of polycystic ovarian syndrome states that elevated levels of LH and elevated levels of androgen synthesis by thecal cells of the ovary prevent normal follicle growth, prevent follicle secretion of large amounts of estrogen, and prevent the LH surge and ovulation: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This theory of polycystic ovarian syndrome states that insulin resistance and elevated levels of insulin create decreased levels of sex hormone binding globulin causing higher blood concentrations of androgens: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This theory of polycystic ovarian syndrome states that there is greater thecal cell production of androgens: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polycystic ovarian syndrome involves multiple follicles in the growing stage, resulting from: |
|
Definition
| Too much androgen as compared to estrogen |
|
|
Term
| Prolactinomas are characterized by: |
|
Definition
| Benign tumors of lactotrophs in the anterior pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| Increased prolactin levels suppress: |
|
Definition
| Estrogen synthesis (antagonize the hypothalamic release of GnRH and decrease gonadotroph sensitivity to GnRH) |
|
|
Term
| The normal treatment for prolactinomas are: |
|
Definition
| Dopamine agonists (Cabergoline, bromocriptine) |
|
|
Term
| Bromocriptine, cabergoline, and other dopamine agonists are used to treat this disease characterized by increased levels of prolactin: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These drugs are estrogen receptor antagonists used to treat metastatic breast cancer: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These are estrogen synthesis inhibitors used to treat breast cancer: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fulvestrant and tamoxifen are ____________ used to treat breast cancer. |
|
Definition
| Estrogen receptor antagonists |
|
|
Term
| Tamoxifen and fulvestrant are clinically used to treat: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flutamide is a ___________ used to treat BPH and prostate cancer. |
|
Definition
| Androgen receptor antagonist |
|
|
Term
| This androgen receptor antagonist used to treat BPH and prostate cancer: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flutamide is clinically used to treat: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Finasteride is a ______________ used to treat BPH and prostate cancer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Finasteride blocks this conversion by inhibiting 5a-reductase: |
|
Definition
| Testosterone to dihydrotestosterone |
|
|
Term
| Finasteride is clinically used to treat: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This disease is the growth of the endometrial tissue outside of the uterus: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This disease is almost always estrogen dependant: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of endometriosis include: |
|
Definition
| Severe pain, abnormal bleeding, the formation of adhesions in the peritoneal cavity |
|
|
Term
| The treatment for endometriosis involves: |
|
Definition
| Long half-life GnRH agonists |
|
|
Term
| Giving GnRH at consistent levels over a long period of time will: |
|
Definition
| BLOCK LH and FSH production |
|
|
Term
| Hypogonadism before adolescence can be treated with __________ to allow the development of the secondary sexual characteristics. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Menopause is brought on by the depletion of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Follicle depletion leads to a decrease in ________ and _________ and an increase in _______ and ______. |
|
Definition
| Estrogen, inhibins; LH, FSH |
|
|
Term
| This is the primary supply of estrogen in the blood post-menopause: |
|
Definition
| Androstenedione --> Estrone |
|
|
Term
| This drug is a GnRH that eventually blocks the release of LH/FSH and estrogen/testosterone: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leuprolide is a GnRH_______ used to inhibit gonadal hormones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cetrorelix is a GnRH _______ used to inhibit gonadal hormones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug antagonizes GnRH, and is used for breast and prostate cancers: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leuprolide and cetrorelix are clinically used to treat: |
|
Definition
| Prostate cancer, breast cancer |
|
|
Term
| Cetrorelix, which is used to treat breast and prostate cancer, may also be used for: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Finasteride is a competitive, specific inhibitor of: |
|
Definition
| 5a-reductase (this blocks the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone) |
|
|
Term
| This is the primary androgen that stimulates the development of prostate tissue: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Male pattern baldness results from high levels of________, so you can use finasteride to treat it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Formestane blocks this enzyme to inhibit the conversion of testosterone to estradiol: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Formestane is a _______ inhibitor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Formestane is an aromatase inhibitor used to treat: |
|
Definition
| Metastatic breast cancer and prevent recurrence of cancers primarily treated with surgery and radiation |
|
|
Term
| Tamoxifen is the prototype of: |
|
Definition
| Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) |
|
|
Term
| These drugs can both activate and inhibit estrogen receptors depending on which tissues they are on: |
|
Definition
| Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) |
|
|
Term
| These drugs can both activate and inhibit estrogen receptors depending on which tissues they are on: |
|
Definition
| Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) |
|
|
Term
| Tamoxifen is an estrogen receptor ________ in breast tissue, but a __________ in the endometrium and bone. |
|
Definition
| Antagonist; partial agonist |
|
|
Term
| Estrogen acts as a(n) __________ in bone tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tamoxifen is used to prevent this postmenopausal disease: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tamoxifen can also be used to induce ____ by stimulating the hypothalamus to release GnRH. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This 2nd generation SERM has much fewer side effects than tamoxifen: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This 2nd generation SERM possesses estrogen receptor agonist activity in bone, but antagonist activity in both breast and endometrial tissue: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This SERM is primarily used to prevent postmenopausal osteoporosis: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This nonsteroidal fertility agent is used to induce ovulation in infrequently ovulating or anovulatory women: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clomiphene is a ________ used to induce ovulation in infrequently ovulating or anovulatory women. |
|
Definition
| Nonsteroidal fertility agent |
|
|
Term
| Clomiphene blocks ________ of circulating estradiol on the hypothalamus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During clomiphene therapy, the ____________ increases and stimulate the release of FSH and LH. |
|
Definition
| Frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses |
|
|
Term
| This oral nonsteroidal antiandrogen is used to treat metastatic prostate cancer: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flutamide is used to treat: |
|
Definition
| Metastatic prostate cancer |
|
|
Term
| Flutamide inhibits the ________________ of testosterone and DHT by prostate tissue. |
|
Definition
| Uptake and/or nuclear binding |
|
|
Term
| This nonsteroidal antiandrogen blocks the action of testosterone and DHT in the prostate: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist also antagonizes sex steroids by blocking androgen receptors: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug typically used as an aldosterone antagonist may be used to treat hirsutism associated with androgens: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This synthetic steroid has potent antiprogesterone and antiglucocorticoid activity: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This synthetic steroid is widely known as a postcoital contraceptive agent: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug is used in combination with prostaglandin as an abortifacient in early pregnancy: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mifepristone (RU-486) interrupts _____________ to the endometrium and sensitizes the myometrium to ________. |
|
Definition
| Progesterone support; prostaglandins |
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