Term
| This outermost region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes aldosterone and is regulated by circulating levels of angiotensin II and potassium: |
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Definition
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Term
| The zona glomerulosa synthesizes _____ and is regulated by ____ and _____. |
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Definition
| Aldosterone; angiotensin II and potassium |
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Term
| These adrenocortex regions synthesize cortisol and adrenal androgens: |
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Definition
| Zona fasciculata and zona reticularis |
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Term
| The production of cortisol and adrenal androgens is stimulated by: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| This hormone is the endogenous glucocorticoid: |
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Definition
| Cortisol (hydrocortisone) |
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Term
| The rate limiting step of cortisol synthesis is: |
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Definition
| The conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone |
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Term
| The vast majority of cortisol is bound to these plasma proteins: |
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Definition
| Corticosteroid-binding globulin, albumin |
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Term
| Peripheral cortisol metabolism occurs mostly in the: |
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Definition
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Term
| In the liver, 11B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase converts _____________ to ____________. |
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Definition
| 11-KETO glucocorticoids to 11-HYDROXY glucocorticoids |
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Term
| If there is a KETO group at the #11 carbon position, a molecule is: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Prednisone must be converted to the active prednisolone by this enzyme: |
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Definition
| 11B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase |
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Term
| 11B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type I is found in this organ: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 11B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type II is found in this organ: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 11B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type II converts (active/inactive) molecules to (active/inactive) molecules in the kidney. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Mineralocorticoid receptors in the kindey are shiled from cortisol by: |
|
Definition
| The converstion of cortisol to cortisone by 11B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type II |
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Term
| Cortisol is a potent agonist at these receptors, thus they must be shielded in the kidneys: |
|
Definition
| Minceralocorticoid receptors |
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Term
| At high enough concentrations, cortisol may overwhelm the activity of 11B-HSD Type II, leading to the stimulation of renal mineralocorticosteroid receptors. This allows_________to work in the kidney tubule. |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucocorticoids activate these receptors: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Glucocorticoids repress AP-1, NFmuB, COX-2, iNOS, and cytokines, which allows them to be used to treat: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Metabolically, glucocorticoids stimulate: |
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Definition
| Gluconeogenesis, mobilization of amino acids from extrahepatic tissues, inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue, hyperglycemia, stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue, and increase muscle protein catabolism. |
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Term
| Glucocorticoids anti-inflammatory effects results from these actions on immune cells: |
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Definition
| Reduced activity of immune cells, neutrophils, macrophages, T-helper cells, and fibroblasts |
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Term
| Glucocorticoid's anti-inflammatory properties results in part due to the decreased production of: |
|
Definition
| Cytokines, prostanoids, nitric oxide, histamine, and IgG |
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Term
| Glucocorticoids block the explosion of ________ due to NOS. |
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Definition
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Term
| Adrenal insufficiency may result in this disease: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucocorticoid excess may cause this disease: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of this disease include fatigue, muscle weakness, low BP, depression, and hypoglycemia: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This disease is caused by selective destruction of the adrenal cortex by autoimmune reactions leading to decreased synthesis of all adrenocortical hormones: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Addison's disease is treated with: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This disease may be caused by a multitude of causative factors including ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas, ectopic secretion of ACTH, cortisol-secreting tumors of the adrenal cortex, or secondary to pharmacological treatment with exogenous glucocorticoids (most common cause): |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Cushing's syndrome causes these physical manifestations: |
|
Definition
| Moon face, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, buffalo hump, thin arms/legs (muscle wasting), etc. |
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|
Term
| Cortisol and glucocorticoids analogs are used clinically: |
|
Definition
| For replacement therapy in cases of adrenal insufficiency; to suppress inflammation and immune responses (asthma, RA, organ rejection, etc.) |
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|
Term
| Recall that ___ groups indicate INACTIVE molecules, wherease _______ groups indicate ACTIVE molecules. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug inhibits side-chain cleavage enzyme, blocking the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aminoglutethimide is clinically used: |
|
Definition
| To reduce the synthesis of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, estrogens, and androgens. |
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|
Term
| Blcoking cortisol synthesis with aminoglutethimide causes an increase in: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since aminoglutethimide blocks cortisol synthesis causing increases in ACTH, it is often given with what? |
|
Definition
| A small amoung of glucocorticoid to block the blocking of the negative feedback. |
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|
Term
| This drug inhibits cortisol synthesis by inhibiting 11-B hydroxylase: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Metyrapone inhibits this enzyme, which causes an inhibition of cortisol synthesis: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Giving metyrapone to a normal patient should cause: |
|
Definition
| Disinhibition of ACTH secretion |
|
|
Term
| This drug is used as a test of ACTH reserve: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone is produced by this layer of the adrenocortex: |
|
Definition
| Zona glomerulosa (outer layer) |
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone synthesis is under regulation of: |
|
Definition
| The renin-angiotensin system and potassium |
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone's primary action is to: |
|
Definition
| Regulate electrolytes (Na and K) |
|
|
Term
| The main stimulator of aldosterone secretion is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This molecule is released from the kidney and affects the angiotensin level: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This molecule stimulates the release of aldosterone: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone belongs to this class of hormones: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone increases Na/K ATPase activity and its expression in the: |
|
Definition
| Basolateral membrane of distal nephron cells |
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone increases _____ Na channel expression. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone stimulates the excretion of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This enzyme in the KIDNEY converts cortisol to the inactive cortisone, allowing aldosterone to bind to the mineralocorticoid receptors: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why must cortisol be converted to cortisone in the kidney? |
|
Definition
| Because the mineralocorticoid receptors bind both cortisol and aldosterone with equal affinity, and there is much more cortisol than aldosterone. However, cortisone cannot bind to the MRs. |
|
|
Term
| The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is physiologically described as a: |
|
Definition
| Central regulator of extracellular fluid volume |
|
|
Term
| This increases aldosterone synthesis independent of renin: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aldosterone (does/does not) negatively regulate ACTH secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This physiological condition (electrolyte imbalance) may stimulate aldosterone release: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Defects in the gene coding for steroid 21-hydroxylase, decreased renin production, and Addison's disease may lead to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bilateral zona glomerulosa adrenal hyperplasia and aldosterone-producing adenoma may lead to: |
|
Definition
| Aldosterone hyperfunction --> extracellular volume expansion, suppression of plasma renin activity, potassium wasting and hypokalemia, hypertension |
|
|
Term
| This drug is an aldosterone analog: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This potassium-sparing diuretic inhibits the effects of aldosterone: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug is a competitive aldosterone antagonist at the mineralocorticoid receptor: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spironolactone may be used to treat: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spironolactone only produces its diuretic effect: |
|
Definition
| In the presence of aldosterone |
|
|
Term
| This androgen is converted into testosterone in the liver and is important in females during puberty: |
|
Definition
| Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) |
|
|
Term
| Dehydroepiandrosterone is an important source of ____ in females. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High levels of DHEA may cause: |
|
Definition
| Masculinization of females |
|
|
Term
| This disease results in the inability to synthesize both aldosterone and cortisol: |
|
Definition
| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia may cause increases in: |
|
Definition
| ACTH --> decreased cortisol leads to increased ACTH |
|
|
Term
| DHEA may be indicated for cases of this disease: |
|
Definition
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