Term
| The majority of thyroid tissue is comprised of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These thyroid cells synthesize and release thyroid hormones: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These tyroid cells secrete calcitonin: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Calcitonin is secreted by these thyroid cells: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This amino acid is the precursor to thyroid hormones: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most common thyroid hormone in individuals is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroid hormones are bound to these to act as carriers in the blood: |
|
Definition
| Plasma proteins and albumin |
|
|
Term
| This is a trade element that is a crucial component of thyroid hormone structure: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A lack of iodide leads to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Follicular cells selectively concentrate iodide via: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Iodide is transported across the apical membrane of the cell and concurrently oxidized by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroid hormoen oxidation by thyroid peroxidase leads to the formation of: |
|
Definition
| TG-MIT (monoiodotyrosine) and DIT (diiodotyrosine) |
|
|
Term
| This protein is synthesized by thyroid follicular cells and secreted at the apical surface into the colloid space: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The coupling between MIT and DIT is catalyzed by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The pocket inside the follicular cells is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is a homogenous mixture of solids with liquids that is filled with proteins and such that make thyroid hormones: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroid peroxidase carries out these actions: |
|
Definition
| Attaches iodide onto rings; couples rings together to make thyroxine |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid hormones circulate mostly bound to these plasma proteins: |
|
Definition
| Thyroid binding globulin (TBG), transthyretin, albumin |
|
|
Term
| This is the predominant thyroid hormone found in the blood: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ has four times the physiological activity of ______ on target tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deamination, decarboxylation, or conjugation and excretion by the liver |
|
|
Term
| Most T4 is ___ to the more active T3 form. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Free thyroid hormones enter the cell by: |
|
Definition
| Passive diffusion and active transport (organic anion and monocarboxylate transporters) |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid hormones receptors are found: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroid hormones are critical for growth: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroid hormones regulate general body _____ and _______ expenditure in adults. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroid hormone is important for the response to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the absence of thyroid hormone, this structure binds with a corepressor complex, which binds to the promoter regions of DNA and inhibits gene expression: |
|
Definition
| Thyroid hormone receptor - Retinoid X Receptor heterodimer |
|
|
Term
| In the presence of T3, the ______ dissociates from the _______, coactivators are recruited, and gene transcription occurs. |
|
Definition
| Corepressor complex; thyroid hormone receptor - retinoid X receptor heterodimer |
|
|
Term
| In the presence of T3, the corepressor complex dissociates from the TR:RXR heterodimer, coactivators are recruited, and this occurs: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroid hormones bind to these receptors: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroid hormones bind nuclear receptors controlling: |
|
Definition
| Expression of new proteins/gene expression |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid stimulating hormone binds to these cells in the thyroid gland: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroid hormone has negative feedback by stimulating the release of this hormone: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thyroid releasing hormone stimulates these anterior pituitary cells: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TSH increases the uptake of _____ by increasing the Na+/I- transporters. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TSH stimulates the synthesis and secretion of this protein: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TSH stimulates the iodination of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TSH stimulates the _____ and _____ of thyroglobulin. |
|
Definition
| Endocytosis and proteolysis |
|
|
Term
| TSH stimulates the release of these hormones: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TSH increases the flow of this through the gland: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Grave's Disease is an autoimmune disease that results from: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Grave's Disease patients, the autoimmune system produces antibodies that mimic _______ leading to hyperthyroidism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In Grave's Disease, the increased levels of thyroid hormones causes decreased levels of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This autoimmune disease results in hypothyroidism: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hashimoto's thyroiditis causes the autoimmune destruction of: |
|
Definition
| Follicular cells in the thyroid gland |
|
|
Term
| Destruction of follicular cells due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis causes decreased levels of _________ and increased levels of ___________. |
|
Definition
| Thyroid hormones; TRH, TSH |
|
|
Term
| Grave's disease may cause this enlargening of the thyroid gland: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of Grave's Disease include: |
|
Definition
| Goiter, exophthalmos, orange-peel skin |
|
|
Term
| Complications of exophthalmos include: |
|
Definition
| Bulging of the eye, dehyration, infection, inability to cover eye with eyelids |
|
|
Term
| Physiological symptoms of hyperthyroidism include: |
|
Definition
| High metabolic rate --> increase in skin temperature and sweating, nervousness, tremor, tachycardia, fatigue, increased appetite with loss of weight, exophthalmos |
|
|
Term
| This disease is caused by a dietary deficiency of iodine: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Simple, non-toxic goiter causes a rise in plasma: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or False: Simple, non-toxic goiter exhibits hyperthroidism levels of thyroid hormones. |
|
Definition
| False: Simple, non-toxic goiter exhibits NORMAL thyroid hormone levels |
|
|
Term
| What are te two most common treatments for HYPERthyroidism? |
|
Definition
| Radioiodine (131-I)and thyroidectomy |
|
|
Term
| Radioiodine therapy emits ____ which cause selective local destruction of the thyroid gland. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Radioiodine and thyroidectomies may cause this complication: |
|
Definition
| Hypothyroidism --> undergo replacement Tx |
|
|
Term
| These drugs are competitive inhibitors of thyroid peroxidase, which block the synthesis of thyroid hormones: |
|
Definition
| Methimazole, propylthiouracil |
|
|
Term
| Methimazole and propylthiouracil decrease the output of thyroid hormones by: |
|
Definition
| Inhibition of iodination, inhibition of thyroid peroxidase activity --> inhibition of biosynthesis of thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the drawbacks of using methimazole and propylthiouracil? |
|
Definition
| It takes 2-4 months to work, often result in goiter formation |
|
|
Term
| Physiological symptoms of HYPOthyroidism include: |
|
Definition
| Low metabolic rate (leads to weight gain), slow speech, lethargy, bradycardia, mental impairment, thickening of the skin |
|
|
Term
| Low metabolic rate, slow speech, lethargy, bradycardia, mental impairment, and thickening of the skin are symptoms of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment for hypothyroidism includes: |
|
Definition
| Hormone replacement therapy (thyroxine, triiodothyronine) |
|
|
Term
| Thyroxine and triiodothyronine are clinically used to treat: |
|
Definition
|
|
