Term
| This amino acid is the "Mack Daddy" of the amino acid neurotransmitters: |
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Definition
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Term
| Is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glutamate can be produced through these two processes: |
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Definition
| From glucose via the TCA Cycle; from glutamine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Glutamate is released by: |
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Definition
| Calcium-mediated processes (via depolarization) |
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Term
| Glutamate binds to these ionotropic receptors: |
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Definition
| NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, and Kainate receptors |
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Term
| Glutamate binds to these specific GPCRs: |
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Definition
| Metabotropic glutamate receptors |
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Term
| Glutamate action is terminated by: |
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Definition
| Glutamate transport into nerve terminals and glia |
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Term
| Activation of an NMDA receptor results in this: |
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Definition
| Opening of an ion channel that is nonselective to cations |
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Term
| Activation of NMDA receptors allows for influx of ___ and ____, and allows efflux of ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Calcium flux through NMDA receptors may play an important role in ________, which is a cellular mechanism for learning and memory. |
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Definition
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Term
| This is a cellular mechanism for memory and learning: |
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Definition
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Term
| NMDA receptors are highly permeable to this cation: |
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Definition
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Term
| This ion blocks the NMDA receptor channel: |
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Definition
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Term
| These three components are required to remove the Mg++ block: |
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Definition
| Glutamate, glycine, and depolarization |
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Term
| Influx of Na+ and Ca++ results in perpetuation of this: |
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Definition
| Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potential |
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Term
| NMDA receptors have a high concentration in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Why? |
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Definition
| NMDARs are involved with Long-Term Potentiation (LTP), or learning and memory. The hippocampus is the center of memory and learning. |
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Term
| This term underlies much of what we refer to as "brain activity": |
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Definition
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Term
| NMDA receptors contain a site for these three drugs: |
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Definition
| PCP, MK-801, and ketamine |
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Term
| Binding of PCP, MK-801, or ketamine to NMDA receptors causes: |
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Definition
| Inhibition of channel opening and depolarization |
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Term
| Ischemia: After several minutes of oxygen deprivation, there is an abrupt rise in external ____ and fall in ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ischemia: High [K+]ext results in: |
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Definition
| Rapid cellular depolarization |
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Term
| Ischemia: Rapid cellular depolarization is thought to cause: |
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Definition
| Reveral of the glutamate transporter (efflux instead of reuptake) |
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Term
| Ischemia: Reversal of the glutamate transporter may cause: |
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Definition
| Massive calcium-independent release of glutamate |
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Term
| Glutamate activation of NMDA receptors, along with simultaneous membrane depolarization leads to: |
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Definition
A prolonged opening of the NMDA receptor channel --> massive Ca++ influx across the membrane.
Accumulated Ca++ can damage mitochondria and generate free radicals |
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Term
| AMPA receptors are ionotropic glutamate receptors that mediate: |
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Definition
| Fast synaptic transmission in the CNS |
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Term
| The AMPA receptor's permeability to Ca++ and other cations like Na+ and K+ is governed by the: |
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Definition
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Term
| The presence of a GluR2 subunit renders an AMPA channel: |
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Definition
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Term
| AMPA receptors are found pre/postsynaptically? |
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Definition
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Term
| AMPA receptors are called the "____" of the brain for fast neurotransmission. |
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Definition
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Term
| Kainate receptors are involved in excitatory neurotransmission by activating: |
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Definition
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Term
| Kainate receptors are involved in inhibitory neurotransmission by: |
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Definition
| Modulating the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA through a presynaptic mechanism |
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Term
| Kainate receptors are impermeable to: |
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Definition
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Term
| Kainate receptors are agonized by: |
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Definition
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Term
| These receptors are a type of glutamate receptor that is active through a metabotropic process: |
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Definition
| Metabotropic glutamate receptors |
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Term
| Metabotropic glutamate receptors are this type of receptor: |
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Definition
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Term
| Metabotropic glutamate receptors are linked to these two receptor pathways: |
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Definition
| IP3 production and release of intracellular Ca++; inhibition of adenylate cyclase |
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Term
| Metabotropic glutamate receptors are found pre/postsynaptically? |
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Definition
| Both pre/postsynaptically |
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Term
| Metabotropic glutamate receptors cause excitation by: |
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Definition
| Inhibiting K+ channels on postsynaptic neurons |
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Term
| Metabotropic glutamate receptors have inhibitory effects on presynaptic neurons by _________, thus reducing neurotransmission. |
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Definition
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Term
| This is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the nervous system: |
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Definition
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Term
| GABA prevents ________ resulting in _______ which prevents the firing of an action potential. |
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Definition
| Depolarization; hyperpolarization |
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Term
| GABA receptor AGONISTS cause these effects: |
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Definition
| Relaxation, anti-anxiety, anti-convulsant |
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Term
| GABA is formed from ______ from the enzyme _______. |
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Definition
| Glutamate; glutamic acid decarboxylase |
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Term
| Vigabatrin inhibits ___________ and is used to treat seizures. |
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Definition
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Term
| Vigabatrin (induces/inhibits)glutamic acid decarboxylase. |
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Definition
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Term
| Vigabatrin is used to treat: |
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Definition
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Term
| GABAa receptors are also called ______ receptors. |
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Definition
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Term
| GABAa receptors are located: |
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Definition
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Term
| GABAa receptors enhance ______ conductance. |
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Definition
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Term
| GABA binding to GABAa receptors causes_______, which ________. |
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Definition
| Hyperpolarization; inhibits action potential |
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Term
| Muscimol is a GABAa _______. |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Cl- content within a cell |
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Term
| ______ is an example of a GABAa agonist. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bicuculline and picrotoxin are examples of _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ and _____ are examples of GABAa antagonists. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bicuculline, a GABAa antagonist, acts by _____ the opening frequency and mean open times of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| GABAa antagonists decrease the _______ and _________ of ________. Examples of GABAa antagonists are _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| Opening frequency; mean open time; Cl- channels; Bicuculline; picrotoxin. |
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