Term
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Definition
A drug or chemical which is foreign to the body.
Applies to most drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| Application of drugs for treatment of diseases caused by invading organisms (eg, bacteria or cancer) |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of chemotherapeutic agent- product of one living organism (e.g., penicillin, streptomycin, cephalosporin) effective in suppressing another living organism |
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Term
| Define idiosyncrasy (as it applies to drugs) |
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Definition
Unusual or exaggerated side effect
Ex. barbituates causing pain and excitement |
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Term
| Define additive drug effect |
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Definition
| Effect of a combination of drugs with similar Pharmacologics is the sum of the individual drug effects |
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Term
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Definition
Effect of a combination of drugs with similar Pharmacologics is greater than the sum of the individual drug effects
Rarely occurs |
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Term
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Definition
A scale of drug safety.
Lethal dose in 50% of population / Effective dose in 50% of population
The greater the therapeutic index, the safer the drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phenomenon whereby it requires a larger and larger dose of a drug to produce the same biologic effect. Requires chronic use of a drug over a period of time. |
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Term
| What are the two types of tolerance? Define them. |
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Definition
1. Drug disposition tolerance- through enzyme induction (ex. barbituates)
2. Pharmacodynamic tolerance- CNS adaption (ex. alcohol) |
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Term
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Definition
| Acute tolerance- one or two doses |
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Term
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Definition
When one drug depresses or inhibits action or another drug
Antagonist- blocking drug
Agonist- drug blocked
Acts either through receptor, physiologic, or chemical mechanisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Factors involved in drug action and ADME |
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Term
| Describe how intestinal surface area increases with folds |
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Definition
Tube- .33m^2
Folds- 1m^2
Villi- 10m^2
Microvilli- 200m^2 |
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Term
| What is the most common way for drugs to pass through a membrane? |
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Definition
| Passive diffusion (drug must be unionized) |
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Term
| What sort of drugs pass through a membrane by passive filtration? |
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Definition
-Either ionized or unionized
-Relatively small drugs (no proteins)
-Carriers not selective |
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Term
| List three types of transporters for facilitated diffusion |
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Definition
1. Uniport carrier
2. Symporter
3. Antiporter
(if you don't know what these are, refer to physiology notes) |
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Term
| List properties of facilitated diffusion |
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Definition
1. Carrier is selective
2. Saturable
3. Driving force is concentration gradient
4. Not usually for drugs |
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Term
| List properties of active transport |
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Definition
-Selective carrier
-Saturable
-Driving force is metabolic energy
-Not usually for drugs |
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Term
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Definition
-A relatively non-selective carrier protein uses active transport
-Saturable
-Causes multi-drug resistance
-Found in cancer cells and pathogens |
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Term
| List properties of transcytosis |
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Definition
-Usually macromolecules, not drugs
-Endocytosis and exocytosis
-Relatively slow
-Requires metabolic energy to form vesicles |
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Term
| Describe drug transport in the stomach |
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Definition
-Passive diffusion
-Drugs must be unionized at pH 2-3
-Base drugs will be ionized
-Food effects time |
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Term
| Describe drug transport in the small intestine |
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Definition
-Where most drugs (especially bases) are absorbed
-Large surface area and longer time
-Passive diffusion |
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Term
| Describe the membranes of peripheral capillaries |
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Definition
-Monolayer of cells
-Many large membrane channels (40 amstrongs)
-Both passive diffusion and filtration |
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Term
| Describe drug transport in the brain or placenta |
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Definition
-Strictly passive
-Two layer of cells in brain
-Very few (or none) channels or pores |
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Term
| Describe drug transport in the kidneys |
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Definition
-Glomerulous has very large pores (70 amstrongs) so passive filtration
-Tubules have few or no channels, so passive diffusion |
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Term
| Is the pH inside the kidney tubules basic or acidic? |
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Definition
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