Term
| List some physiochemical properties of drugs |
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Definition
| Crystal form, solubility, partition coefficient, pKa |
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Term
| List some chemical properties of drugs |
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Definition
| Functional groups, acid base, salt form, sterochemistry, resonance |
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Term
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Definition
| A pharmacologically inactive substance used as a carrier for the active ingredients of a medication, to provide wanted characteristics |
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Term
| What are the three simultaneous steps of dissolution? |
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Definition
1. Separation of solute molecules
2. Separation of solvent molecules
3. Formation of solute-solvent interactions |
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Term
| What are the two solid forms of insulin? |
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Definition
1. Amorphous (intermediate-acting)
2. Crystalline (long-acting) |
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Term
| What three things can be added to precipitate an amorphous protein? |
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Definition
1. Crosslinking agents
2. Lipophillically modified bioactive protein derivative
3. Inactive ligand |
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Term
| List the types of insulin from fastest acting to longest lasting |
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Definition
1. Rapid: lispro, aspart, glulisine
2. Short: regular
3. Intermediate: NPH
4. Long: detemir, glargine |
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Term
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Definition
Having more than one form of crystal form
(forms vary in stability/solubility) |
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Term
| Give a historical example where polymorphism resulted in a drug recall |
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Definition
| Ritonavir, in 1998 had an additional crystal form that failed the dissolution test, especially upon refrigeration |
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Term
| List molecular interactions from weakest to strongest |
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Definition
1. Van der Waals
2. Dipole-dipose (hydrogen)
3. Ionic attractions
4. Ion-dipole bonding |
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Term
| What is therapeutic range, in terms of concentration? |
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Definition
| Maximum safe concentration - minimum effective concentration |
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Term
| Give the formula for dissolution rate |
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Definition
[D x A(S-C)] / H
D= diffusion coefficient
A= surface area
S-C= concentration gradient
H= diffusion layer thickness |
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Term
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Definition
| The aqueous solubility of a compound, where intrinsic solubility depends on solid state crystal structures |
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Term
| Give the formula for intrinsic solubility, K |
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Definition
| K=[Drug]solution/[Drug]solid |
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Term
| Is intra-molecular bonding more common with monofunctional or polyfunctional groups? |
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Definition
| Polyfunctional groups, since there are more changes and steric possibility for H-bonding |
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Term
| What is the empiric method for predicting solubility? |
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Definition
1. Determine functional groups
2. Determine how many carbons can be solubilized by these functional groups
3. If there are as many or less carbons than can be solubilized, the compound will be soluble |
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Term
| What is LogP, in terms of solubility? |
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Definition
The sum of all the π values for all functional groups
(π values can be looked up on a chart) |
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Term
| What does a positive π value mean, in terms of solubility? |
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Definition
| A positive π value indicates a decreased likelihood of H-bonds, so more hydrophilic |
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Term
| What is the range for Log P to be soluble/insoluble? |
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Definition
Log P >0.5, insoluble
LogP <0.5, soluble |
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Term
| What is the range for Log P for potential compounds to become drugs? |
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Definition
Log P <0, too hydrophilic
Log P >3.5, too lipophilic |
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Term
| How do ion-dipole interactions effect water solubility? |
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Definition
| Ionic and dipole interactions increase water solubility |
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Term
| What is the Bronsted-Lowry definition of an acid and base? |
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Definition
Acid: substance that can donate a proton
Base: substance that can accept a proton |
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Term
| What is the Lewis definition of an acid/base? |
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Definition
Acid: electron pair acceptor
Base: electron pair donor |
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Term
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Definition
When a substance has the ability to act either as acid or base, depending on the situation, it is called amphoteric
Such property is called amphoterism. |
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Term
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Definition
| A quantitative measure of the dissociation of weak acids and bases |
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Term
| Give a formula that relates pH to [H+] |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The ion product constant of water, 10-14
Kw=[H+][OH-]= 10-14
Kw=Kax Kb= 10-14 |
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Term
| What is the Henderson-Hasselbach equation for a weakly acidic drug? |
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Definition
pH= pKa + log ([ionized]/[unionized])
or
pH= pKa + log ([base]/[acid])
or
pH= pKa + log ([salt]/[acid]) |
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Term
| Would a larger Ka indicate more or less dissociation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Would a larger pKa indicate more or less dissociation? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Henderson-Hasselbach equation for a weakly basic drug? |
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Definition
pH= pKa + log ([unionized]/[ionized])
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Term
| Give an example of a weakly acidic drug |
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Definition
| Acetyl salicylic acid (aspirin) |
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Term
| Give an example of a weakly basic drug |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the benefit of using a salt form a drug? |
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Definition
| Easier to manufacture, easier to crystallize, is more stable, dissolves faster, and is easier to handle |
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Term
| Do different salts of the same drug have the same properties? |
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Definition
| No, caution should be used and we should be aware of the differences |
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Term
| Are salts with complex amines likely to be soluble or insoluble? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are salts with fatty acids (e.g. stearate) likely to be soluble or insoluble? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three types of salt forms of calcium supplements? |
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Definition
1. Calcium carbonate
2. Calcium citrate
3. Calcium gluconate/lactate/phosphate |
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Term
| What are some qualities of calcium carbonate? |
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Definition
-Requires acidic pH for absorption
-Must be taken with meal |
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Term
| What are some qualities of calcium citrate |
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Definition
-Does not require specific pH
-Can be taken on a full or empty stomach |
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Term
| What are some qualities of calcium gluconate/lactate/phosphate? |
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Definition
-Contains little calcium compared to calcium carbonate or calcium citrate.
-Patients must take larger amount |
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Term
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Definition
| A process where the drug dissociates into 2 or more ions when dissolved in aqueous solution |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that ionizes in solution and can conduct electricity |
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Term
What is the range of
1. stomach pH?
2. Small intestine pH?
3. Lungs and blood pH? |
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Definition
1. Stomach pH 1-3.5
2. Small intestine 5.5-7.5
3. Lungs and blood 7.4 |
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Term
| Will a weak base have a higher solubility at low or high pH? |
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Definition
| A weak base will have a higher solubility at low pH, because it will be ionized |
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Term
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Definition
| A solution that resists change in pH and is usually made up of a pair of acid and its conjugate base |
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Term
| Why are drugs often buffered? |
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Definition
1. Control pH
2. Minimize degradation
3. Improve patient comfort/compliance
4. Improve efficacy |
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Term
| Describe Bio-pharmaceutics Class I drugs |
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Definition
| High solubility, high permeability |
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Term
| Describe Bio-pharmaceutics Class II drugs |
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Definition
| Low solubility, high permeability |
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Term
| Describe Bio-pharmaceutics Class III drugs |
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Definition
| High solubility, low permeability |
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Term
| Describe Bio-pharmaceutics Class IV drugs |
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Definition
| Low solubility, low permeability |
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Term
| What are the two possible stages of breakdown for a tablet? |
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Definition
1. Disintegration (to granules)
2. Deaggregation (to fine particles)
Dissolution can happen from tablet, granule, or fine particle form. The smaller, the faster the dissolution. |
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Term
| What two types of excipients can be added to make a drug immediate release? |
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Definition
1. Disintegrants
2. Surfactants (increase deaggregation) |
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Term
| List some advantages to controlled release drugs |
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Definition
| Less frequent dosing, better kinetics, less concentration fluctuation, better pharmacodynamics, less side effects, better efficacy, higher compliance |
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Term
| What is the most common form of controlled drug delivery? |
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Definition
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Term
| Generally speaking, how is a sustained release drug made? |
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Definition
| By deliberately reducing the dissolution rate so that it is equal to elimination rate |
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Term
| List two physical methods to create an oral sustained release drug |
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Definition
1. By coating the drug with spheres surrounded by a dissolving polymer
2. With a matrix system (polymer or wax) that has water pores for drug diffusion |
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Term
| Can all compounds be formulated as sustained release? |
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Definition
| No, it depends on the drugs physiocochemical properties |
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Term
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Definition
| The time period of consistent performance of a drug when stored under the recommended conditions |
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Term
| What is the acceptate degradation percentage of a drug to still be within shelf life standards? |
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Definition
| Plus or minus 10% of the active ingredient |
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Term
| Define chemical stability |
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Definition
| The ability of a compound to resist changes in its concentration as a result of chemical reactions |
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Term
| List three chemical reactions that can influence a drug's stability |
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Definition
1. Hydrolysis by moisture (pH and temp dependent)
2. Oxidation (especially metal photo-oxidation)
3. Photolysis (light) |
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Term
| Define microbiological stability |
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Definition
| The ability of a drug to resist microbial contamination from the environment and/or from patient use |
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Term
| Define drug physical stability |
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Definition
| The ability of a drug to maintain its physical properties (dissolution rate, uniformity, appearance, taste, odor) |
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Term
| How can drug hydrolysis be prevented? |
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Definition
| By addition of a buffer and/or cosolvent |
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Term
| How can drug oxidation be prevented? |
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Definition
| By addition of a chelating agent or antioxidant |
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Term
| Define steroisomers/enantiomers |
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Definition
Same molecular formula and bond sequence, but different spatial structure
Results in different drugs (different physical, chemical, and biological properties) |
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Term
| Define optically active isomers |
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Definition
Stereoisomers that rotate in a plane of polarized light
d(+)isomer = clockwise to right
i(-)isomer = counterclockwise to left |
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Term
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Definition
| An equal mixture of two sterioisomers (will result in a compound that is not optically active) |
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Term
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Definition
| A carbon bound to 4 different side chains |
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Term
| Describe the steps to determine if a molecule is R or S configuration by the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog system |
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Definition
1. Assign priority of groups on chiral carbon
2. 4th group is set to the back
3. If 1-2-3 are clockwise, R
4. If 1-2-3 are counterclockwise, S |
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Term
| What form (L or D) are all natural amino acids in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What form (L or D) are the sugars our body uses for fuel and DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Isomers that are a result of restricted rotations around a double bond or cyclic ring
(Cis-trans isomer drugs will have different properties) |
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