Term
| Term for the first 28 days of life |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Term for 29 days to 1 year |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the components of the Appearance portion of APGAR? |
|
Definition
blue/pale = 0
Pink body/Blue Extremities = 1
Pink all over = 2 |
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Term
| What are the components of the Pulse portion of APGAR? |
|
Definition
Absent = 0
<100bpm = 1
>100bpm = 2 |
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Term
| What are the components of the Grimace portion of APGAR? |
|
Definition
No response = 0
Grimace = 1
Crying Vigorously = 2 |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the Activity portion of APGAR? |
|
Definition
flaccid = 0
some flexion of arms = 1
Active Mvmt = 2 |
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|
Term
| What are the components of the Respiration portion of APGAR? |
|
Definition
Absent = 0
Slow and irregular = 1
Good and Strong = 2 |
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Term
| What does a 1 min APGAR of 0 - 4 mean? |
|
Definition
| Severe depression, require immediate resuscitation |
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Term
| What does a 1 min APGAR of 5 -7 mean? |
|
Definition
| Some nervous system depression |
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|
Term
| What is considered a normal 1- min APGAR score? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does a 5-min APGAR score of 0- 7 mean? |
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Definition
| High risk for subsequent central nervous system and other organ system dysfunction |
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|
Term
| What is a normal 5-min APGAR score? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is considered an extremely low birth weight? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is considered an very low birth weight? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is considered a low birth weight? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is considered a normal birth weight? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What age is considered pre-term? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What age is considered term? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What age is considered post-term? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are some abnormal behaviors in newborns? |
|
Definition
Irritability.
Lying in asymmetrical position(s).
Lack of spontaneous movement(s).
Tremors at rest after 4 days after birth. |
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Term
| What tool is described as used to detect delays in personal-social, fine motor-adaptive, language and gross motor skills from birth through 6 years of age? |
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Definition
| Denver Developmental Screening Test |
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Term
| With the Denver Developmental Screening Test what category are false-neg common in? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What do all charts for somatic growth include? |
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Definition
| All charts include ht, wt, head circum |
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Term
| Where should the measuring tape be placed when measuring the head circumference? |
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Definition
| Place the measuring tape over the occipital, parietal and frontal prominences |
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Term
What is the Average Systolic BP for males at:
Birth?
1 mo?
6 mo? |
|
Definition
birth: 70mm Hg
1 mo: 85mm Hg
6 mo: 90mm Hg |
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Term
| What is the most frequent “cause” of elevated blood pressure in children? |
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Definition
| an improperly performed examination, often due to use of an incorrect cuff size |
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Term
| If elevated BP is found in an infant, what must be done first? |
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Definition
| Elevated readings must always be confirmed with subsequent readings |
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Term
| When might BP be normally elevated in an infant? |
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Definition
| when the child is crying, anxious or very active |
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|
Term
| What is the Average normal pulse rate at birth? |
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Definition
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|
Term
What is considered tachypnea in
infants 0 - 2 mo?
Infants 2 - 12mo?
Children > 12mo? |
|
Definition
Infants 0-2 months >60 breaths per minute
Infants 2-12 months >50 breaths per minute
Children >12 months >40 breaths per minute |
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|
Term
| What ages is a rectal temp the preferred method? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is pallor in a newborn associated with? |
|
Definition
| associated with low hemoglobin |
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|
Term
| What is cyanosis in a newborn associated with? |
|
Definition
| associated with hypoxemia |
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|
Term
| What is plethora in a newborn associated with? |
|
Definition
| associated with polycythemia |
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|
Term
| What is jaundice in a newborn associated with? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is a slate grey color in a newborn associated with? |
|
Definition
| associated with methemoglobinemia |
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Term
| Which lesion is described as a pinpoint white papules of keratogenous material usually on nose, cheeks and forehead, last several weeks? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which type of lesions is described as obstructed eccrine sweat ducts, pinpoint vesicles on forehead scalp and skinfolds? When does it clear? |
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Definition
| Miliaria; Clears within 1 week |
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Term
| What lesions is described as small vesicopustules, generally present at birth, containing WBCs and no organisms? |
|
Definition
| Transient neonatal pustular melanosis |
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|
Term
| What is the MC neonatal rash? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition should be suspected if there are more than 6 Cafe au lait spots? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which lesion is described as variable, irregular macular patches that last a few days and show sheets of eosinophils on Wright's Stain? |
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Definition
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Term
| If there are large numbers of junctional nevi, what condition should you suspect? |
|
Definition
tuberous sclerosis,
xeroderma pigmentosus,
generalized neurofibromatosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of Cutis Marmorata? |
|
Definition
| vasomotor response to cooling or chronic exposure to radiant heat |
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Term
| What lesion is described as a lattice like, bluishmottled appearance esp. on trunk arms and legs? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What condition is described as a blue cast to the hands and feet when exposed to cold? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When is acrocyanosis abnormal? |
|
Definition
| If it does not disappear within 8 hours or with warming, consider cyanotic congenital heart disease |
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Term
| What condition is described as striking color change with transient cyanosis of one half of the body or one extremity? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Harlequin Dyschromia caused by? |
|
Definition
| Due to temporary vascular instability. |
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|
Term
| What condition is described as sebum and desquamated epithelial cells, a white cheesy material can cover the whole body at birth? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What condition is described as erythematous macules with central pin-point vesicles, appearing like flea bites on the 2nd or 3rd days of life? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What condition is described as scattered vesicles on an erythematous base, usually on the face and trunk caused by sweat gland duct obstruction? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What condition is described as being more common in black infants, small vesicopustules over a brown macular base can last several months? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what % of newborns does jaundice occur? |
|
Definition
| occurs in 50% of newborns |
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|
Term
| What condition is described as flat, irregular, light pink patches? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which Nevus Simplex is located on the nape of the neck? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which Nevus Simplex is located on the upper lip, upper eyelid or forehead? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Term meaning absence of toenails? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which type of lesion is described as non-blanching, pale pink macules randomly distributed over all areas of skin, but the max amount found in the intertriginous areas that overtime become more erythematous and can have systemic effects? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How is Neonatal lupus treated? |
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Definition
| Corticosteroids (both systemic and topical) |
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Term
| What is a white reflex suggestive of? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How will choanal atreasia manifest itself? Why? |
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Definition
| manifested by respiratory distress; b/c neonates are obligate nose breathers |
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Term
| How do you check for nasal patency, if choanal atresia is suspected? |
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Definition
| soft NG tube should be passed through each nostril to confirm patency if choanal atresia is suspected |
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Term
| What condition is described as a congenital abnormality of a small mouth? What genetic conditions is it present in? |
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Definition
| Microstomia - seen in Trisomy 18 (Edwards) and 21 |
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Term
| What condition is described as a congenital abnormality of a large mouth? What genetic conditions is it present in? |
|
Definition
| Macrostomia - seen in mucopolysaccharidoses |
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|
Term
| In what condition is a fish shaped mouth seen in? |
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Definition
| seen in fetal alcohol syndrome |
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Term
| What condition is described as small white cysts which contain keratin, frequently found on either side of the median raphe of the palate? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What condition is described as small bluish white swellings of variable size on the floor of the mouth representing benign mucous gland retention cysts? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What conditions can macroglossia be a sign of? |
|
Definition
| Hypothyroidism, mucopolysaccharidoses |
|
|
Term
| Where are most natal teeth located? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What might bulging fontanelles or sutures indicate? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What might depressed fontanelles or sutures indicate? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What condition is described as localized subcutaneous edema over the occipitoparietal region? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What condition is described as localized swelling due to subperiosteal hemorrhage? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What condition described as asymmetry of the skull caused by the child lying on one side? What is the treatment? |
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Definition
| Plagiocephaly - resolves with age as child becomes more active |
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Term
| What clinical sign is described as percussion of the skull produces a “cracked pot” sound? What is this sign indicative of? |
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Definition
| Macewen’s sign; Indicative of hydrocephalus |
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Term
| With transillumination of the head, what are the normal areas that light up? |
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Definition
2 cm halo over the frontoparietal area
1 cm over occipital area |
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Term
| With transillumination of the neonate's head, if the whole head "lights" up, what do you suspect? |
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Definition
| Hydrocephaly or reduced cerebral cortex size |
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Term
| What conditions does Micrognathia occur in? |
|
Definition
Pierre-Robin syndrome,
DiGeorge Syndrome
Treacher-Collins syndrome,
Hallerman Streiff syndrome |
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Term
| Which syndromes is a webbed neck found in? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is torticollis in toddlers usually secondary to? |
|
Definition
| sternocleidomastoid hematoma |
|
|
Term
| In toddlers, what is the MC neck mass? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Are lyphnodes usually present at birth? |
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Definition
| No, if they are present suspect congenital infection |
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Term
| If polyhydramnios is present, what condition should you suspect? |
|
Definition
| tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF) |
|
|
Term
| At what age does alternating convergent or divergent strabismus or persistent strabismus become a problem? What do they indicate? |
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Definition
| Beyond 3 mo old; may indicate ocular muscle weakness |
|
|
Term
| At what age does the child blink? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| At what age does the child fix eyes on objects? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When does the child begin to develop coordinated eye movement? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| When does the child develop the ability of eye convergence and baby reaches? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the infants visual acuity at 12 mon? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What disease condition has a high association with small, deformed, or low set auricles? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What is the appropriate way to check an infants hearing? What is the appropriate response for the infant? At what age can this response begin to be elicited? |
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Definition
| Test hearing by producing a sharp, sudden sound, such as snapping your fingers about one foot from the baby’s ear and watching for an acoustic blink reflex.; Elicited at 2 - 3 days of life and on |
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|
Term
| What is a common finding on the soft palate of a newborn's mouth? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What oral condition is described as a white coating that does not scrape away? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is a high-risk factor for SIDS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of APNEA? |
|
Definition
| cessation of breathing for more than 20 seconds |
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|
Term
| Which respiratory assessment in newborns is just as useful as auscultation in assessing URI and LRI? |
|
Definition
| useful as auscultation in assessing URI and LRI |
|
|
Term
| What might nasal flaring in a newborn indicate? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What condition might you suspect if there is grunting, audible wheezing or lack of breath sounds in a neonate? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What might be the underlying cause of an increase abdominal breathing, causing retractions? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What sign in infants is described as paradoxical breathing in which the abdomen moves outward while the chest moves inward? What is this sign indicative of? When might this finding be normal? |
|
Definition
| Hoover’s sign; indicates obstructive respiratory disease; normal finding in preterm and newborn infants |
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|
Term
| How is tactile fremitus performed in infants? What does a pos test indicate? |
|
Definition
| When they cry; severe pathology |
|
|
Term
| What is different about lung auscultation sound in neonates than in adults? |
|
Definition
| They are louder and harsher |
|
|
Term
| Where do inspiratory sounds arise from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do expiratory sounds arise from? |
|
Definition
| extrathoracic source, such as the trachea |
|
|
Term
| What does a decreased or absent femoral pulse in a newborn indicate? |
|
Definition
| indicates coarctation of the aorta |
|
|
Term
| What are the MC arrhythmias in neonates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are 3rd heart sounds common or normal? Are 4th heart sounds common or normal? |
|
Definition
3rd heart sounds are common and normal.
4th heart sounds are not common and are abnormal |
|
|
Term
| Which heart sound sound eliminates many of the more serious cardiac defects? |
|
Definition
| split S2 sound with deep inspiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In a healthy child they are normal |
|
|
Term
| What causes enlarged breasts in newborns that can be engorged with white liquid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do flat abdomens indicate? |
|
Definition
signify decreased tone,
abdominal contents in chest,
abnormalities in abdominal musculature |
|
|
Term
| What condition is described as a separation between the left and right side of the rectus abdominis muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition is described as a birth defect in which the infant's intestine or other abdominal organs stick out of the belly button and are covered only by a thin layer of tissue? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What condition is described as a birth defect in which an infant's intestines stick out of the body through a defect on one side of the umbilical cord (without a membrane covering)? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Where is it normal for the liver to be palpated in the newborn? |
|
Definition
| 2 cm below the R costal margin |
|
|
Term
| Is the spleen usually palpable in a newborn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the indications of a palpable spleen in a newborn? |
|
Definition
| congenital infection or extramedullary hematopoeisis |
|
|
Term
| How many arteries are in the umbilical cord? How many veins? |
|
Definition
| two thick walled arteries and one thinner walled, but larger vein |
|
|
Term
| When are umbilical hernias detectable? |
|
Definition
| Detectable at a few weeks of age |
|
|
Term
| What is an “olive” sized (2cm), firm mass found on deep palpation of the right upper quadrant or mid-line associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal vertical length of the kidneys in a newborn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term normal length of the penis? |
|
Definition
| 3.6±0.7 cm stretched length. |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal width and length of a newborn testes? |
|
Definition
| 10mm in width and 15mm in length |
|
|
Term
| How do you distinguish a hydrocele from an inguinal hernia? |
|
Definition
| hydrocele will transilluminate |
|
|
Term
| What % of neonates have one or both testes undescended? Of these how many will naturally have both testes descended by 1 yr of age? |
|
Definition
3% cryptorchidism
2/3 will descend by 1 y/o |
|
|
Term
| What does a Genu varum indicate? What is the treatment? |
|
Definition
| Severe bowing; Usually resolves on its own within 18 mon |
|
|
Term
| What does persistent irritability in a newborn suggest? |
|
Definition
neurological insult,
metabolic, infectious, or constitutional abnormalities
drug withdrawal |
|
|
Term
| What does an absence of anal reflex indicate in a newborn? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the babinski reflex 'positive' and still a normal finding? |
|
Definition
| infants under 2 years of age |
|
|
Term
| What is a normal and abnormal ankle clonus finding? |
|
Definition
Ankle clonus of up to 10 beats may be normal
Sustained clonus indicates CNS disease |
|
|
Term
| When is the palmar grasp reflex present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the plantar grasp reflex present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the moro (startle) reflex present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the asymmetric tonic neck reflex present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is the positive support reflex present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does absence of rooting reflex indicate? |
|
Definition
| severe generalized or CNS dz |
|
|
Term
| When is the rooting reflex present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does absence of placing with the alternate stepping reflex indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which specific type of babies may not have a placing reflex? |
|
Definition
| Babies born to breech delivery |
|
|
Term
| When is the placing reflex present? |
|
Definition
| Birth to variable time to disappear |
|
|
Term
| When is the trunchal incurvation reflex present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is stranger anxiety normal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If nuchal rigidity is present in an infant, what condition should you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is a speculum exam in a prepubescent female performed? |
|
Definition
| only performed if there is suspicion of trauma or foreign body |
|
|
Term
| What does vaginal bleeding or discharge in a female infant or toddler? |
|
Definition
|
|
