Term
| hormones act on target cells by controlling |
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Definition
rate of enzymatic reactions trasnport across membranes gene expression ion/protein synthesis |
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Definition
| used to think it i was endocrine, now it is known to be a neurotransmitter |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| If hormone isn't a peptide or a steroid it is an amine |
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Term
| Steroid hormones are derived from.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Steroid hormones are secreted by... |
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Definition
| adrenal cortex, gonads, and placenta |
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Term
| non-genomic effects of steroid hormones |
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Definition
| when steroid has trasnduction surface receptor (ie. estrogen and aldosterone) |
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Term
Melatonin made from... Catecholamines Thyroid hormones |
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Definition
trytophan tyrosine tyrosine |
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Term
| catecholamines behave like... |
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Definition
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Term
| thyroid hormones behave like |
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Definition
| peptide hormones while they are syntesised, and behave like steroid hormones once they are released |
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Term
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Definition
| cause the secretion of another hormone from another endocrine gland |
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Term
| Three major groups of neurohormones |
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Definition
1.Posterior pituitary hormones (synthesised in hypo) 2.Trophic hormones fron hypothalamus that act on Anterior pituitary. 3. Catechoamines that are secreted from adreanl medulla. |
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Term
| Vasopressin (ADH) affects water balance in the... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2 cappillary beds that are directly connected by blood vessels |
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Term
| Functions/advantages of portal system |
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Definition
1. direct delivery without dilution 2. only small amounts of trophic hormone needed |
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Term
| Of the six (name them) Anterior pituitary hormones secreted only one is not trophic |
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Definition
FSH, LG, ACTH, TSH, PL, GH prolactin is not trophic |
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Term
| Long-loop negative feedback |
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Definition
| hormone from last intergrating center affects secretion of throphic hormones from hypothalamus or pituitary |
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Term
| Short-loop negative feedback |
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Definition
| hormones of pituitary affect secretion of trophic hypothalamic hormone |
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Term
| Hormone interaction: synergism |
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Definition
combined affect of hormones A+B is greater than affect of hormone A and B alone ex. epinephrine and glucagon |
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Term
| Hormone interaction: permisiveness |
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Definition
hormone A will not exert full effect without presence of Hormone B ex. thryroid hormone and GH |
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Term
| Hormone interaction: antagonism |
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Definition
hormone B diminishes the effect of hormone A ex. GH and glucagon increase blood glucose levels are antagonists to insulin |
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Term
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Definition
| getting it from the outside ie. shots/injections |
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Term
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Definition
CRH--> ACTH-->cortisol (corticotropin releaseing hormone)-->Adenocorticotropichormone-->cortisol |
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Term
| Excess hormone secretion due to... |
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Definition
Benign (adenomas) or malignant tumors or iatrogenic causes |
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Term
| Deficiency of hormone secretion due to... |
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Definition
| atrophy, lack of mineral or vitamin |
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Term
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Definition
| person has male genotype but defect in testosterone receptor, thus normal testoterone lvls but no receptors=phenotypical female |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic high lvls of insulin secretion=down regulation of insulin receptors=still get diabetes even though insulin lvls are high |
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Term
| pseudohypoparathyroidism example of what abnormality... |
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Definition
| missing or abnormal transduction machinery |
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Term
| difference between primary and secondary hormone secretion pathology |
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Definition
| in primary the problem originates on the last intergrating center (ie the adrenal gland) in secondary the problem is in the earlier intergrating centers. |
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Term
| Three major steroid hormones secrted by adrenal cortex |
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Definition
1. aldosterone 2. glucocorticoids 3. sex hormones |
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Term
| Three zones of the adrenal cortex and what they secrete |
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Definition
outer=zona glomerulosa, secretes aldosterone middle=zona fasciculata, secretes glucorticoids inner=zona reticularis, secretes sex hormones (mostly androgens) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cushings syndrome three common causes |
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Definition
1. adrenal tumor autonomously secretes cortisol (primary hypersecretion) 2. pituitary tumor, secretes to much ACTH (secondary hypersecretion) 3.iatrogenic hypercotisolism=occurs after cortisol therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| hypocortisolism, usually following autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex. |
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Term
| 2 distinct cell types in thyroid gland |
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Definition
C (clear) cells- secrete calcitonin Follicle cells- secrete thyroid hormones giant circles |
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Term
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Definition
amine hormone made from tyrosine *contain Iodine |
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Term
| Follicles are filled with ______ which are composed of ____________. |
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Definition
colloid thyroglobulin (glycoprotein) and variouse enzymes (T3, T4) |
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Term
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Definition
| increases metabolism, generates body heat |
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Term
| In children thyroid hormone is neccessary for... |
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Definition
| full expression of growth hormone and for normal growth and development |
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Term
| Rapid heart rate from hyperthyroidism and increased force of contraction is due to... |
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Definition
| upregulation of Beta 1 receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| Production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) which activate the TSH receptors and stimulate over production of T3 and T4 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Insulin like growth factors (IGF's) |
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Definition
| location of trophic action of GH, in the liver, act with GH to stimulate bone, and soft tissue growth |
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Term
| The two trophic factors acting on GH |
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Definition
1. growth hormone releasing hormone 2.growth hormone inhibiting hormone=somatostatin |
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Term
| Peak secretion of GH during... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pulsed daily amount, greatest amount secreted during first 2 hours of sleep |
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Term
| Soft tissue growth requires 3 things |
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Definition
1. Growth Hormone 2. Thyroid Hormone 3. Insulin |
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Term
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Definition
| calcium phosphate crystals |
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Term
Extra cellular Ca2+ Intracellular [Ca2+] |
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Definition
2.5mmol/L .001mmol/L This is a more extreme concentration gradient than both potassium and Sodium |
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Term
| Three hormones that control calcium balance |
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Definition
1. parathyroid hormone 2. vitamin D3 3. Calcitonin |
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Term
Calcitrol, what is it? what does it do? |
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Definition
considered a hormone, made from Vitamin D3 increases rate of small intestinal Calcium absorption facilitates renal calcium reabsorption helps osteoclasts |
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Term
| Prolactin stimultes what during nursing? |
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Definition
| calcitrol synthesis to ensure maximal Ca2+ uptake in the baby. |
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Term
Pagets disease? treatment? |
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Definition
hot shins from overactive osteoclast activity treat with calcitonin to slow down bone resorption |
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Term
| Why does estrogen help prevent bone loss? |
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Definition
| inhibits paracrines that stimulate the osteoclasts |
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