Term
| In the case of Matthew Lacek, what was he diagnosed with? How was he treated? How did his mom respond? |
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Definition
- diagnosed with bacterial meningitis
- treated with ceftriaxone and intubated for several days
- mother proceeded to get Matthew up to date on his vaccinations
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Term
| What is the principle of vaccinations? |
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Definition
| Vaccination generates memory T and B cells |
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Term
| List 3 key features of an EFFECTIVE vaccine? |
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Definition
- it is safe (in actuality and appearance to clinicians and the public), and has few side effects
- it is protective (it has to work)
- it provides herd immunity. Via a vaccination program, herd immunity can reduce the number of infected individuals that serve as the pathogen's reservoir
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Term
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Definition
| It is when protection is conferred on the unvaccinated in a population when a certain threshold number of individuals is vaccinated. |
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Term
| What are the differences between passive and active immunization? |
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Definition
- Passive Immunization
- no new immune response
- immediate protection
- no memory or secondary response
- used reactively (e.g. antivenoms)
- occurs naturally with maternal antibodies via fetus/breastfeeding
- Active Immunization:
- new immune response
- delayed protection
- memory in the form of neutralizing antibodie
- occurs naturally with infection
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Term
| What makes up the antibody response which is yielded by vaccination? |
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Definition
| the antibody response is made up of neutralizing antibodies |
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Term
| What are 4 examples of Live-attenuated vaccines? |
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Definition
small pox (as vaccinia = coxpow)
MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) |
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Term
| What is an example of a killed (whole organism) vaccine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 4 examples of Subunit or Recombinant Vaccines? |
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Definition
- protein and/or polysaccharides
- hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- S. pneumoniae
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Term
| What is an example of a Toxoid (denatured toxin) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| they are used to increase vaccine efficacy |
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Term
| What is the relation of Alum (aluminum phosphate) to vaccines? |
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Definition
- it is the only adjuvant wihch is FDA-approved for human use
- it activates inflammatory response (especially IL-1)
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Term
| How can a cowpox virus vaccination treat small pox |
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Definition
| Vaccination with coxpow virus (vaccinia) induces antibodies that cross-react with antigens of the smallpox virus. |
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Term
| why are toxoids not harmful? |
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Definition
| they are immunogenic, provoke neutralizing antibodies, but are not toxic |
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Term
| How is a toxin convereted into a safe toxoid? |
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Definition
| via chemical modification |
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Term
| what is an attenuated or live-attenuated vaccine? When is it not safe for human use? |
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Definition
- it contains replication-competent, but avirulent (or minimally virulent) viruses
- it must not be used in pregnant or immunocompromised individuals
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Term
| What is an example of a conjugate vaccine? What is its use? |
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Definition
| Protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines are used to treat Streptococcus pneumoniae |
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Term
| What is the reason for post-exposure vaccination? What type of diseaes does this apply to? |
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Definition
For some infections, active and passive immunization soon AFTER exposure prevents or diminishes the disease's expression
An example is rabies disease |
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Term
| Can cancers be prevented by vaccinations? If yes, give an example |
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Definition
Yes
- hepatocellular carcinoma prevented by HBV vaccine
- Cervical cancer prevented by HPV 16/18 [Gardasil] vaccine
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Term
| List 3 common advere events with vaccines? |
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Definition
- greatest risk is active disease in immunocompromised patients or pregnant women with live virus vaccines.
- fever in 5-50% of patients
- minor increased risk of febrile seizures with the MMR and DTaP vaccines
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Term
| What does the "a" stand for in DTaP? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a spurious (fake) risk associated with vaccination? Give an example |
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Definition
| MMR association with autism is false and refuted by multiple, recent studies |
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Term
| What are 3 examples of vaccination education a provider can give to a patient who is concerned with vaccines? |
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Definition
- educate the patient on what vaccines DO and DO NOT do
- educate patients that temporal sequence does not demonstrate causality (just because you get the actual flu after the flu shot doesn't mean the flu shot caused it)
- approach patient-vaccination reluctance as you would any other diagnostic challenge
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Term
true or false?
"the immune system can be overloaded by vaccines" |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the general tend of protein/polysaccharide contents in vaccines from 1900 till today? |
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Definition
| After 1960, protein/polysaccharide contents in vaccines have gradually decreased |
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