Term
| What is the first major system to function in the embryo? |
|
Definition
| The cardiovascular system! |
|
|
Term
| The heart starts to function at the beginning of the ___th week. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primordial heart and vascular system appear in the middle of which week? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The CV system is derived mainly from what 3 components? |
|
Definition
| splanchnic mesoderm, paraxial and lateral mesoderm near the otic placodes, neural crest cells from the region between the otic vesicles and the caudal limits of the 3rd pair of somites |
|
|
Term
| The earliest sign of the heart is the appearance of paired ____________ strands, called __________ cords, during week __. |
|
Definition
| endothelial, angioblastic, 3 |
|
|
Term
| Angioblastic cords fuse to form ______________________, which fuse to form the tubular heart late in week __. |
|
Definition
| endocardial heart tubes, 3 |
|
|
Term
| When does the heart begins to beat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What appears to stimulate early formation of the heart? |
|
Definition
| An inductive influence from the embryonic endoderm |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 paired veins that drain into the tubular heart of a 4-week-old embryo? |
|
Definition
| Vitelline, umbilical and cardinal veins |
|
|
Term
| Which embryonic veins return poorly oxygenated blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which embryonic veins drain well oxygenated blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The narrow tube connecting the yolk sac with the embryo |
|
|
Term
| Which veins follow the yolk stalk into the embryo, pass through the septum transversum and enter the sinus venosus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As the liver primordium grows into the septum transversum, what structures anastomose around pre-existing endothelium-lined spaces? These spaces are the primordium of what? They become linked to which veins? |
|
Definition
| hepatic cords, the hepatic sinusoids of the liver, vitelline veins |
|
|
Term
| Remains of the right vitelline vein in the region of the developing liver go on to form... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the portal vein develop from? |
|
Definition
| An anastomotic network formed by the vitelline veins around the duodenum. |
|
|
Term
| ___________ veins run on each side of the _________ and carry well-oxygenated blood from the ________ to the ____________. |
|
Definition
| Umbilical, liver, placenta, sinus venosus |
|
|
Term
| As the liver develops, the umbilical veins lose their connection with the ______ and empty into the ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The right ________ vein disappears at the end of the embryonic period, leaving the _____________ vein as the only vessel carrying well-oxygenated blood from the ________ to the ________. |
|
Definition
| umbilical, left umbilical, placenta, embryo |
|
|
Term
| The persistent part of the left umbilical vein becomes the _________ vein, which carries all blood from ________ to ________. |
|
Definition
| umbilical, placenta, embryo |
|
|
Term
| What large venous shunt develops within the liver? What does it connect? |
|
Definition
| ductus venosus, umbilical vein to the IVC (bypassing the capillary networks of the liver) |
|
|
Term
| What veins are the main venous drainage system of the embryo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The anterior and posterior cardinal veins join the _____________, which enter the ____________. |
|
Definition
| Common cardinal vein, sinus venosus |
|
|
Term
| During the eighth week, what structure develops that eventually becomes a large vein in the thorax? |
|
Definition
| An oblique anastamosis between anterior cardinal veins, to shunt blood from left to right anterior cardinal veins. Eventually becomes left brachiocephalic vein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The right anterior cardinal vein and right common cardinal vein. |
|
|
Term
| The posterior cardinal veins develop primarily as vessels of the _________ and large disappear. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the only adult derivatives of the posterior cardinal vein? |
|
Definition
| Root of azygos vein and common iliac veins |
|
|
Term
| Which veins gradually replace and supplement the posterior cardinal veins? |
|
Definition
| Subcardinal and supracardinal veins |
|
|
Term
| Subcardinal veins are connected to each other through _____________ and with the posterior cardinal veins through the ______________. |
|
Definition
| Subcardinal anastamosis, mesonephric sinusoids. |
|
|
Term
| What do the subcardinal veins form (in the adult)? |
|
Definition
| stem of left suprarenal vein, gonadal veins, segment of the IVC |
|
|
Term
| What is the last pair of vessels to develop? They become disrupted in what region? |
|
Definition
| The supracardinal veins, region of the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Cranial to the kidney region, the _____ veins become united by an anastamosis that is represented in the adult by the _________ and ________ veins. |
|
Definition
| supracardinal, azygos and hemiazygos veins |
|
|
Term
| Caudal to the kidneys, what do the left and right supracardinal veins form? |
|
Definition
| left degenerates, right forms the inferior part of the IVC |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 main segments of the IVC? |
|
Definition
| Hepatic, prerenal, renal, postrenal |
|
|
Term
| What is the first segment (proximal) of the IVC, and what is it derived from? |
|
Definition
| The hepatic segment, from the hepatic vein (proximal part of right vitelline vein) and hepatic sinusoids |
|
|
Term
| What is the second segment of the IVC, and what is it derived from? |
|
Definition
| Prerenal segment, from the right subcardinal vein |
|
|
Term
| What is the third segment of the IVC, and what is it derived from? |
|
Definition
| The renal segment, from the subcardinal-supracardinal anastamosis |
|
|
Term
| What is the last segment (distal) of the IVC, and what is it derived from? |
|
Definition
| Postrenal segment, from the right supracardinal vein |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common anomaly of the venae cavae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does a persistent left SVC drain? |
|
Definition
| Into the right atrium via the coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common anomaly of the IVC? How is blood flow changed? |
|
Definition
| Interruption of the abdominal course, with blood draining from the lower half of the body through the azygos system |
|
|
Term
| Persistence of which vein results in a left SVC, and therefore a double SVC? |
|
Definition
| Left anterior cardinal vein |
|
|
Term
| With a double SVC, what structure is usually small or absent? |
|
Definition
| The anastamosis that usually forms the left brachiocephalic vein |
|
|
Term
| With a left SVC (no right SVC), blood from the right side of the body is carried by which vein, to the left SVC, to where? |
|
Definition
| the brachiocephalic vein to the SVC to the coronary sinus |
|
|
Term
| What would cause blood from the inferior parts of the body to drain into the right atrium via the azygos and hemiazygos system? What opens separately into the right atrium? |
|
Definition
| Failure of the hepatic segment of the IVC to form, the hepatic veins open separately into the right atrium |
|
|
Term
| If an anastamosis fails to develop between primitive veins of the trunk, the inferior part of the left supracardinal vein may persist as a second... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do the pharyngeal arches form? Which arteries supply them? Where do they arise and terminate? |
|
Definition
| 4th and 5th weeks, aortic arches, arise from aortic sac, terminate in dorsal aortae |
|
|
Term
| Which arteries carry blood to the somites and their derivatives? Where do these arteries come from? |
|
Definition
| intersegmental arteries, they are branches of the dorsal aorta |
|
|
Term
| Which arteries join to form the vertebral arteries in the neck? |
|
Definition
| dorsal intersegmental arteries in the neck |
|
|
Term
| In the thorax, dorsal intersegmental arteries persist as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the dorsal intercostal arteries in the abdomen become... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The common iliac arteries are remnants of... |
|
Definition
| the 5th pair of lumbar intersegmental arteries |
|
|
Term
| In the sacral region, the intersegmental arteries form the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which artery becomes the median sacral artery? |
|
Definition
| The caudal end of the dorsal aorta |
|
|
Term
| The unpaired ventral branches of the dorsal aorta supply... |
|
Definition
| the yolk sac, allantois, and chorion |
|
|
Term
| Which arteries pass to the yolk sac, and later the primordial gut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 vitelline arteries remain as the... |
|
Definition
| celiac artery, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries |
|
|
Term
| Which paired arteries pass through the connecting stalk and become continuous with vessels in the chorion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of blood do the umbilical arteries carry? From where to where? |
|
Definition
| Poorly oxygenated, from the embryo to the placenta |
|
|
Term
| Proximal parts of the umbilical arteries become... |
|
Definition
| internal iliac and superior vesicle arteries |
|
|
Term
| What forms the medial umbilical ligaments? |
|
Definition
| Obliterated distal parts of umbilical arteries |
|
|
Term
| The primordium of the heart is first evident at... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the _______ area, splanchnic mesenchumal cenns ventral to the pericardial coelom aggregate and arrange themselves into __________ cords. |
|
Definition
| cardiogenic, angioblastic |
|
|
Term
| Fusion of the endocardial tubes begins at which end? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the external layer of the embryonic heart, which is formed from splanchnic mesoderm surrounding the pericardial coelom? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The developing heart's thin endothelial tube is separated from the primordial myocardium by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the endothelial tube of the early heart become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the epicardium derived from? |
|
Definition
| mesothelial cells that arise from the external surface of the sinus venosus and spread over the myocardium |
|
|
Term
| What tubular structure is continuous cranially with the aortic sac? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the arterial end of the early heart fixed by? The venous end? |
|
Definition
| pharyngeal arches, septum transversum |
|
|
Term
| Which areas of the early heart grow fastest, causing the loop to form? |
|
Definition
| bulbis cordis and the ventricle |
|
|
Term
| As the primordial heart bends, the atrium and sinus venosus come to lie dorsal to the... |
|
Definition
| truncus arteriosus, bulbus cordis and ventricle |
|
|
Term
| The heart is initially suspended from the dorsal wall by a mesentary, the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The central part of the dorsal mesocardium undergoes what change? What does this form? |
|
Definition
| degenerates, forming the transverse pericardial sinus |
|
|
Term
| What is the origin of the INITIAL contractions of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the primordial heart, contractions occur in waves that begin in the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By the end of the 4th week, coordinated contractions of the heart result in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the movement of blood through the primordial heart |
|
Definition
| sinus venosus -> sinoatrial valve -> primordial atrium -> atrioventricular canal -> primordial ventricle -> bulbis cordis -> truncus arteriosus -> aortic sac -> aortic arches |
|
|
Term
| Septum primum fuses to the _______, closing the ______. |
|
Definition
| endocardial cushions, foramen primum |
|
|
Term
| The valve of the foramen ovale is derived from the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Partitioning of the heart begins around the middle of the ______ week and is essentially completes by the end of the ______ week |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Toward the end of the 4th week, what forms on the dorsal and ventral walls of the AV canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endocardial cushions are invaded by ______ cells during the ____th week, approach each other and fuse, dividing the AV canal into... |
|
Definition
| mesenchymal, 5th, left and right AV canals |
|
|
Term
| What does the foramen primum do? |
|
Definition
| allows oxygenated blood to pass from right to left atrium |
|
|
Term
| The septum primum fuses with fused endocardial cushions to form a... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the foramen secundum come from? |
|
Definition
| Perforations produced by programmed cell death in the central part of the septum primum |
|
|
Term
| How is the foramen primum obliterated? |
|
Definition
| The free edge of the septum primum fuses with the left side of the endocardial cushions |
|
|
Term
| The septum secundum grows immediately to the ______ of the septum primum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms an incomplete partition between the atria, leading to the formation of the foramen ovale? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the valve of the foramen ovale? |
|
Definition
| the remaining part of the septum primum |
|
|
Term
| Progressive enlargement of the right horn of the sinus venosus results from which two left-to-right shunts of blood? |
|
Definition
1) results from transformation of vitelline and umbilical veins
2) occurs when the oblique anastamosis connects anterior cardinal veins (eventually becoming left brachiocephalic vein) |
|
|
Term
| By the end of the ____th week, the right horn of the sinus venosus is _______ than the left. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The left horn of the sinus venosus becomes the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What eventually happens to the right horn of the sinus venosus? |
|
Definition
| it is incorporated into the wall of the right atrium |
|
|
Term
| The smooth part of the right atrial wall is derived from what? What is it called? |
|
Definition
| sinus venosus, sinus venarum |
|
|
Term
| What structure represents the cranial part of the right sinoatrial valve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The caudal part of the right sinoatrial valve forms the valves of the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What becomes of the left sinoatrial valve? |
|
Definition
| It fuses with the septum secundum and is incorporated into the IA septum |
|
|
Term
| Most of the wall of the left atrium is smooth because it is formed by incorporation of the... |
|
Definition
| primordial pulmonary vein |
|
|
Term
| The primordial pulmonary vein develops as an outgrowth of the dorsal... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The small left auricle is derived from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In total anomalous pulmonary venous connections, where do the pulmonary veins open? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first indication of the separation of the primordial ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The medial walls of the enlarging ventricles approach each other and fuse to form the primordium of the... |
|
Definition
| muscular part of the IV septum |
|
|
Term
| The IV foramen usually closes by the end of which week? How? |
|
Definition
| 7th, the bulbar ridges fuse with the endocardial cushion |
|
|
Term
| Closure of the IV foramen and formation of the membranous part of the IV septum results from fusion of tissues from what 3 sources? |
|
Definition
| right and left bulbar ridges, endocardial cushion |
|
|
Term
| What is the membranous part of the IV septum derived from? |
|
Definition
| an extension of tissue from the right side of the endocardial cushion to the muscular part of the IV septum |
|
|
Term
| The tissue forming the membranous part of the IV septum fuses with what? |
|
Definition
| The aorticopulmonary septum and the muscular part of the IV septum |
|
|
Term
| What happens to establish the communication of pulmonary trunk and right ventricle and aorta with the left ventricle? |
|
Definition
| closure of the IV foramen and formation of the membranous part of the IV septum |
|
|
Term
| The fetus is at risk of heart disease when the HR is lower than... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the 5th week, proliferation of mesenchymal cells in the walls of the bulbus cordis results in... |
|
Definition
| formation of bulbar ridges |
|
|
Term
| What ridges are continuous with the bulbar ridges? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bulbar and truncal ______ are derived largely from what types of cells? |
|
Definition
| ridges, neural crest cells |
|
|
Term
| As neural crest cells migrate to reach the ______ and ______ ridges, they undergo what movement? |
|
Definition
| bulbar, truncal, 180 degree spiraling |
|
|
Term
| The spiraling of the bulbar and truncal ridges results in formation of ______________ when the ridges fuse. |
|
Definition
| a spiral aorticopulmonary septum |
|
|
Term
| The spiral aorticopulmonary septum divides what? |
|
Definition
| Divides the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus into the aorta and the pulmonary trunk |
|
|
Term
| What are the adult representations of the bulbus cordis? |
|
Definition
| the conus arteriosus and the aortic vestibule |
|
|
Term
| What begins to develop from 3 swellings of subendocardial tissue around the orifices of the aorta and pulmonary trunk when partitioning of the truncus arteriosus is nearly complete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The SA node develops during which week? Where is it originally, and where is it incorporated into? |
|
Definition
| 5th week, in the right wall of the sinus venosus, incorp. into the wall of the right atrium |
|
|
Term
| What forms the AV node and bundle? |
|
Definition
| Cells from the left wall of the truncus arteriosus, found in the base of the IA septum just anterior to the opening of the coronary sinus, plus cells from the AV region |
|
|
Term
| What grows in from the epicardium, separating the muscle of the atria from that of the ventricles, and forms part of the cardiac skeleton? |
|
Definition
| a band of connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| SIDS may be caused by abnormalities in the _________ system, or a developmental abnormality on the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of postnatal death in developed countries, accounting for 40-50% of infant deaths during the 1st year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most CHDs are thought to be caused by multiple factors, genetic and environmental, known as... |
|
Definition
| multifactorial inheritance |
|
|
Term
| 2D echos can detect fetal CHDs as early as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the heart tube bends to the left instead of the right, what is this called? What is the associates transposition? What are the two main types of this problem? Which is worse? |
|
Definition
| Dextrocardia, heart and great vessels are reversed as a mirror image, with or without situs inversus, isolated is worse |
|
|
Term
| What is the condition of having the heart in an abnormal location, like exposed on the surface of the thorax? Why does this happen? |
|
Definition
| ectopia cordis, faulty fusion of the lateral folds during the 4th week |
|
|
Term
| ASDs are more common in who? What is the most common form? What type is present in up to 25% of people? |
|
Definition
| females, patent FO, probe patent FO |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 clinically significant types of ASDs? |
|
Definition
| ostium secundum defect, endocardial cushion defect with ostium primum defect, sinus venosus defect, common atrium |
|
|
Term
| Ostium secondum ASDs include both defects in which structures? More common in females or males? |
|
Definition
| septum primum and secundum, females |
|
|
Term
| Which type of ASD is well tolerated during childhood but causes symptoms like pulmonary HTN in the 30s or later? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the septum primum does not fuse with endocardial cushions, what sort of defect results? There is a patent... |
|
Definition
| Endocardial cushion defect with ostium primum ASD, patent foramen primum |
|
|
Term
| If fusion of the endocardial cushions fails to occur, what kind of defect results? This is present in ___% of people with _______. |
|
Definition
| AV canal, 20% of Down syndrome |
|
|
Term
| Sinus venosus defects result from what? What is it associated with? |
|
Definition
| the incomplete absorption of the SV into the right atrium, partial anomalous pulmonary venous connections |
|
|
Term
| What is the rare cardiac defect in which the IA septum is absent? Why does this happen? |
|
Definition
| common atrium, result of failure of the septum primum and septum secundum to develop |
|
|
Term
| What type is the most common type of CHD, accounting for more than 25% of defects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membranous VSD involves incomplete closure of the IV foramen resulting from failure of the... |
|
Definition
| membranous part of the IV septum to develop |
|
|
Term
| Large VSDs with excessive pulmonary blood flow can result in what problems early in infancy? |
|
Definition
| pulmonary HTN, dyspnea, cardiac failure |
|
|
Term
| If there are multiple small defects in the muscular IV septum, this is called... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of defect probably occurs due to excessive cavitation of myocardial tissue during the formation of the ventricular walls? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transposition of the great arteries and a rudimentary outlet chamber are present in most infants with this severe type of CHD. |
|
Definition
| Single ventricle, or common ventricle |
|
|
Term
| What defect results from failure of the truncal ridges and aorticopulmonary septum to develop normally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is always present with the TA anomaly and is overridden by the TA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of TA? |
|
Definition
| a single arterial vessel that branches to form the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta |
|
|
Term
| What is an aorticopulmonary septal defect? |
|
Definition
| a rare condition in which there is an opening between the aorta and pulmonary trunk near the aortic valve (aorticopulmonary window defect) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of cyanotic heart disease in newborn infants? What comes with it? |
|
Definition
| transposition of the great arteries, there is also an ASD with or without an associated patent ductus arteriosus and a VSD - these permit some exchange between chambers |
|
|
Term
| What is the leading hypothesis for the formation of TGA? Why does this occur? |
|
Definition
| The conal growth hypothesis, failure of the conus arteriosus to develop normally during incorporation of the bulbus cordis into the ventricles, and then the aorticopulmonary septum fails to pursue a spiral course during partitioning |
|
|
Term
| What results with the division of the truncus arteriosus is so unequal that the pulmonary trunk has no lumen, or there is no orifice at the level of the pulmonary valve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary atresia with VSD is an extreme form of what defect condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What condition occurs when the left ventricle is small and nonfunctional, and the right ventricle maintains both pulmonary and systemic circulation? |
|
Definition
| Hypoplastic left heart syndrome |
|
|
Term
| In hypoplastic left heart syndrome, what abnormal shunts does blood pass through inside the heart? In addition to left sided underdevelopment, what else occurs? |
|
Definition
| ASD or dilated FO, atresia of the aortic or mitral orifice and hypoplasia of the ascending aorta |
|
|
Term
| How does the blood divert upon approaching the liver? What is the mechanism for adjusting it? |
|
Definition
| Half to ductus venosus --> IVC, half into sinusoids of the liver--> hepatic veins --> IVC, physiological sphincter prevents overloading of the heart when venous flow in the umbilical vein is high |
|
|
Term
| The inferior border of the septum secundum is called the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to blood in the fetal lungs? |
|
Definition
| They extract oxygen from blood |
|
|
Term
| The arteries to which areas of the fetus receive well-oxygenated blood? |
|
Definition
| Head, heart, neck, upper limbs, liver |
|
|
Term
| What does the DA accomplish by shunting blood from the lungs? |
|
Definition
| Protects the lungs from circulatory overloading and allows right ventricle to strengthen in preparation for full functioning |
|
|
Term
| What happens to about 65% of the blood in the descending aorta? |
|
Definition
| Goes to umbilical arteries to return to placenta |
|
|
Term
| Aeration of the lungs at birth is associated with what 3 big changes in the lung vasculature? |
|
Definition
| Dramatic fall in pulmonary vascular resistance, marked increase in pulmonary blood flow, progressive thinning of the walls of pulmonary arteries |
|
|
Term
| Why does the foramen close at birth? |
|
Definition
| Increased pulmonary blood flow raises pressure in left atrium, closes valve of FO |
|
|
Term
| By the end of the first month, what are the relative sizes of the ventricles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 100% of DAs are functionally closed (except for PDA defects) at... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Closure of the DA appears to be mediated by ______, a substance released from the lungs during initial inflation. It has potent _____ effects on smooth muscle, and the action of it appears to be depending on _______ content of blood. |
|
Definition
| bradykinin, contractile, oxygen |
|
|
Term
| The effects of oxygen on the DA smooth muscle may be direct or mediated by its effects on _______ secretion. The anatomical close of the DA probably involves _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis, like _____, can cause constriction of a PDA in premature infants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The umbilical vein eventually becomes what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lumen of the _________ usually does not disappear completely, and may be cannulated even in some adults. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ________ becomes the ligamentum venosum, however its close is more prolonged than the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anatomical closure of the FO usually occurs by... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functional closure of the DA is usually completed within... |
|
Definition
| the first few days after birth |
|
|
Term
| Anatomical closure of the ductus arteriosus and formation of the __________ normally occurs by... |
|
Definition
| ligamentum arteriosum, 12th week |
|
|
Term
| PDA is 2-3x more common in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PDA may result from failure of _____ induction after birth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common congenital anomaly associated with maternal rubella infection during early pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Premature infants usually have what CHD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lymphatic system begins to develop at the end of the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 primary lymph sacs at the end of the embryonic period? |
|
Definition
| 2 jugular, 2 iliac, 1 retroperitoneal, 1 cisterna chyli |
|
|
Term
| The thoracic duct develops from... |
|
Definition
| the caudal part of the right thoracic duct, the anastamosis between the thoracic ducts and the cranial part of the left thoracic duct |
|
|
Term
| What is derived from the cranial part of the right thoracic duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lymph sacs are transformed into groups of ________s during the early ______ period. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells invade the lymph sacs and break up the networks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lymphocytes that appear in LNs before birth are derived from... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What develops from an aggregation of mesenchymal cells in the dorsal mesentery of the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lymphatic structure develops from the second pair of pharyngeal pouches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What develops from aggregations of lymph nodules around the openings of the Eustachain tubes? From aggregations in the wall of the nasopharynx? What about in the root of the tongue? |
|
Definition
| Tubal tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils, lingual tonsil |
|
|
Term
| What are two congenital anomalies of the lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
| congenital lymphedema and cystic hygroma |
|
|
