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PBL Test 2 - Biochem: Structures of Major Bodily Compounds
Biochemistry of the major compounds of the body.
100
Biochemistry
Professional
10/31/2010

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Term
The hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon of a monosaccharide can react with an -OH or -NH group of another compound to form a __________ bond.
Definition
Glycosidic
Term
A glycosidic bond can be either __ or ___, depending on the position of the attached atom.
Definition
a or B (alpha or beta)
Term
N-glycosidic bonds are found in...
Definition
nucleosides and nucleotides
Term
O-glycosidic bonds join sugars to...
Definition
each other, or to the hydroxyl group of an amino acid on a protein
Term
A disaccharide contains what? Joined by what bond?
Definition
two monosaccharides joined by an O-glycosidic bond
Term
Lactose consists of what two structures, linked by what sort of bond (specifically)?
Definition
Galactose and glucose, linked by an O-glycosidic bond, Beta(1->4) linkage
Term
____________s contain about 3 to 12 monosaccharides linked together. They are often found attached to proteins to form ___________.
Definition
Oligosaccharides, glycoproteins
Term
______________s contain tens to thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds to form linear chains or branched structures.
Definition
Polysaccharides
Term
Amylopectin and glycogen are branched polymers of _________ residues linked though a(1->4) and a(1->6) bonds
Definition
glucosyl
Term
___________s contain many long unbranched polysaccharide chains attached to a core protein. The chains, called ____________, are composed of repeating disaccharide units.
Definition
Proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans
Term
Fatty acids are usually straight aliphatic chains with a _______ group at one end and a ________ group at the other end.
Definition
methyl, carboxyl
Term
Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more...
Definition
double bonds
Term
The most common saturated fatty acids in the cell are...
Definition
palmitic acid (C16) and stearic acid (C18)
Term
For fatty acids, 18:0 refers to the number of _________ (18) and the number of __________ (0).
Definition
carbon atoms, double bonds
Term
Both omega-__ and omega-__ fatty acids are required in the diet, as humans cannot synthesize them.
Definition
3, 6
Term
The melting point of fatty acids ________ with chain length and _________ with the degree of saturation.
Definition
increases, decreases
Term
Monounsaturated fatty acids contain one...
Definition
double bond
Term
___________ fatty acids contain two or more double bonds.
Definition
Polyunsaturated
Term
What does omega-9 or omega-3 mean?
Definition
It's a method of classifying fatty acids by the distance from the omega end to a double bond.
Term
The double bonds in most naturally occurring fatty acids are in the _____ configuration.
Definition
cis
Term
What are trans fatty acids? How are they produced?
Definition
Fatty acids with acyl chains on opposite sides of a double bond, produced by chemical hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oils
Term
An acylglycerol is comprised of ________ with one or more ___________ attached through _________ linkages.
Definition
glycerol, fatty acids, ester
Term
_________________ contain fatty acids esterified to position 1 and 2 of glycerol and a phosphate attached to carbon 3.
Definition
Phosphoacylglycerols
Term
A glycerol with fatty acids attached and ONLY a phosphate group attached to carbon 3 is called...
Definition
phosphatidic acid.
Term
______________ is one of the major phosphoacylglycerols found in membranes.
Definition
Phosphatidylcholine
Term
In phosphatidylcholine, the amine is _________ charged at neutral pH, and the phosphate is ________ charged. Thus, the molecule is ________.
Definition
positively, negatively, amphipathic
Term
What does amphipathic mean?
Definition
Describes a structure with large polar and nonpolar regions
Term
Lecithin is also called...
Definition
phosphatidylcholine
Term
Removal of a fatty acyl group from a phosphoacylglycerol leads to a...
Definition
lysolipid
Term
Phospholipids found in membranes, such as phosphatidylocholine, have a _______ group attached to the carbon.
Definition
polar
Term
Sphingolipids do not have a ________ backbone; they are formed from _________.
Definition
glycerol, sphingosine
Term
Sphingosine is derived from...
Definition
serine and palmitate (a fatty acid)
Term
__________s are amides formed from sphingosine by attaching a fatty acid to the amino group.
Definition
Ceramides
Term
Sphingolipids contain ________ attached to the hydroxyl group of _________ through glycosidic bonds.
Definition
sugars, ceramide
Term
Sphingomyelin, galactocerebroside and ganglioside are all classified as...
Definition
sphingolipids
Term
Steroids contain a __-ring structure called a ____________.
Definition
4, steroid nucleus.
Term
_________ is the steroid precursor from which all steroid hormones are synthesized.
Definition
cholesterol
Term
Cholesterol is converted into amphipathic water-soluble ______ ______s like cholic acid.
Definition
bile salts
Term
Cholesterol is one of the compounds synthesized from branched five-carbon units with one double bond called...
Definition
an isoprenyl unit
Term
At neutral pH, the N in amino groups is usually bonded to how many other atoms, and carries what kind of charge?
Definition
4, positive
Term
The presence of nitrogen in an organic compound will increase its ___________, whether the N is charged or not.
Definition
solubility
Term
____________s are compounds that contain an amino group and a carboxylic acid group.
Definition
amino acids
Term
In proteins, the amino acids are always ___-amino acids.
Definition
L
Term
The three most common types of nitrogen-containing rings in the body are...
Definition
purines, pyrimidines, and pyridines
Term
The suffix "-ine" denotes the presence of _________ in the ring.
Definition
nitrogen
Term
What's special about the pyrimidine uracil?
Definition
It's an exception to the nomenclature for the suffix "-ine" denoting the presence of nitrogen in a ring.
Term
What is the utility of nitrogen in rings as opposed to strictly carbon rings like benzene?
Definition
The nitrogen can form double bonds and accept/donate electrons while still part of the ring.
Term
Nitrogen is a component of ring structures referred to as heterocyclic rings or...
Definition
nitrogenous bases
Term
Nitrogenous bases form __________s and _________s.
Definition
nucleosides and nucleotides
Term
What is a nucleoside?
Definition
A nitrogenous base joined to a sugar (usually ribose or deoxyribose) through an N-glycosidic bond.
Term
If a phosphate group is attached to the sugar of a nucleoside, it is called a _________.
Definition
nucleotide
Term
Gout is caused by depositions of...
Definition
monosodium urate crystals
Term
Uric acid is produced from degradation of...
Definition
purines
Term
At blood pH, uric acid completely dissociates a proton to form...
Definition
urate
Term
What is a tautomer?
Definition
A form of a compound in which the hydrogen can shift , forcing the hydrogen and double bonds to change position.
Term
Uric acid has two tautomeric forms. What are they called? Which dissociates a proton?
Definition
keto and enol, enol
Term
What is a radical?
Definition
A compound with a single election, usually in an outer orbital
Term
Why might tests employing the nitroprusside reaction to monitor the success of therapy in a pt with DKA be misleading?
Definition
It does not react with B-hydroxybutyrate, which does NOT have a ketone group and is the main ketone body in the blood of a pt with DKA.
Term
Carbon structures that are straight or branched with single or double bonds but do not contain a ring are called...
Definition
aliphatic
Term
Compounds containing the benzene ring or a similar ring structure with benzene-like properties are called...
Definition
aromatic
Term
What are the ketone bodies synthesized in the liver of a patient in DKA?
Definition
B-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate
Term
How is acetone formed in the body of a patient in DKA?
Definition
Formed by the nonenzymatic decarboxylation of acetoacetate
Term
B-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate are carboxylates, which are...
Definition
dissociated carboxylic acids
Term
Pts in DKA have metabolic acidosis resulting from an increased hepatic production of...
Definition
ketone bodies
Term
Pts in DKA would have a blood glucose test measured by enzymatic assay that is specific for the sugar...
Definition
D-glucose
Term
What functional groups do acetoacetate and acetone have?
Definition
ketone bodies
Term
B-hydroxybutyrate contains an _______ group, not a ketone group
Definition
alcohol
Term
In biomolecules, the major anionic substituents are...
Definition
carboxylate, phosphate and sulfate groups
Term
_________s consist of nitrogen attached through single bonds to hydrogen atoms and to one or more carbon atoms
Definition
Amines
Term
Primary amines, like dopamine, have one C-N bond. They are weak _____s, with a pKa of about ____, so that at pH 7.4 they carry a ________ charge.
Definition
acids, 9, positive
Term
What does it mean if an amine is secondary, tertiary or quaternary?
Definition
Indicates the number of C-N bonds
Term
What substance is formed when a carboxylic acid and an alcohol combine, splitting out water?
Definition
Ester
Term
A thioester is formed when a carboxylic acid combines with a...
Definition
sulfhydryl group
Term
When phosphoric acid reacts with an alcohol and splits out water, it forms...
Definition
a phosphoester
Term
When a carboxylic acid combines with an amine to produce water, it also produces...
Definition
an amide
Term
When two acids combine and produce water, they also produce...
Definition
an acid anhydride
Term
Simple monosaccharides consist of a linear chain or 3 or more carbon atoms, one of which forms a _______ group with oxygen.
Definition
carbonyl
Term
Besides the carbonyl group, the other carbons of an unmodified monosaccharide contain what groups?
Definition
hydroxyl groups
Term
What is the general formula for an unmodified sugar?
Definition
CnH2nOn
Term
The suffix "____" is used for the names of sugars.
Definition
"ose"
Term
If its carbonyl group is an aldehyde, the sugar is an...
Definition
aldose
Term
If its carbonyl group is a ketone, the sugar is a...
Definition
ketose
Term
A carbon atom that contains four different chemical groups forms a...
Definition
asymmetrical or chiral center
Term
Monosaccharide stereoisomers are designated ___ or ___.
Definition
D or L
Term
Sugars are assumed to be ___ sugars unless ___ is specifically added to the name.
Definition
D, L
Term
A sugar with n asymmetric centers has how many stereoisomers (unless it has a plane of symmetry)?
Definition
2^n
Term
What are epimers?
Definition
Stereoisomers that differ in the position of the hydroxyl group at one of their asymmetric carbons
Term
D-Glucose and D-galactose are ________ of each other.
Definition
Epimers
Term
What are the enzymes in humans that can interconvert epimers?
Definition
epimerases
Term
Monosaccharides exist in solution mainly as _____ structures in which a ________ group reacted with a ________ group in the same molecule.
Definition
ring, carbonyl, hydroxyl
Term
When a ring sugar forms, what happens to the oxygen that was on the hydroxyl group?
Definition
It becomes part of the ring
Term
When a ring sugar forms, what happens to the original carbonyl carbon?
Definition
it now contains an -OH group and it called the anomeric carbon atom
Term
A hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon drawn below the ring is in the ____ position, and above the ring it's in the _____ position.
Definition
a, B
Term
In solution, the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon spontaneously changes position through a process called...
Definition
mutarotation
Term
What are the cellular enzymes that speed up the process by which the anomeric hydroxyl group changes position?
Definition
mutarotases
Term
When can a sugar NOT change the position of the hydroxyl group on its anomeric carbon?
Definition
When the anomeric carbon forms a bond with another molecule, the bond is fixed in the a or B position
Term
What happens to most monosaccharides within cells to prevent transport out of the cell?
Definition
They are phosphorylated at their terminal carbon
Term
What is an amino sugar?
Definition
sugar with an amino group instead of hydroxyl group on one of its carbons
Term
Sugars can be oxidized at the aldehyde carbon to form a ______. How does the name change?
Definition
acid. "-ose" to "-onic acid" or "-onate"
Term
If the carbon containing the terminal hydroxyl group is oxidized, the sugar is called a...
Definition
uronic acid
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