Term
| The hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon of a monosaccharide can react with an -OH or -NH group of another compound to form a __________ bond. |
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Definition
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Term
| A glycosidic bond can be either __ or ___, depending on the position of the attached atom. |
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Definition
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Term
| N-glycosidic bonds are found in... |
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Definition
| nucleosides and nucleotides |
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Term
| O-glycosidic bonds join sugars to... |
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Definition
| each other, or to the hydroxyl group of an amino acid on a protein |
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Term
| A disaccharide contains what? Joined by what bond? |
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Definition
| two monosaccharides joined by an O-glycosidic bond |
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Term
| Lactose consists of what two structures, linked by what sort of bond (specifically)? |
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Definition
| Galactose and glucose, linked by an O-glycosidic bond, Beta(1->4) linkage |
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Term
| ____________s contain about 3 to 12 monosaccharides linked together. They are often found attached to proteins to form ___________. |
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Definition
| Oligosaccharides, glycoproteins |
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Term
| ______________s contain tens to thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds to form linear chains or branched structures. |
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Definition
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Term
| Amylopectin and glycogen are branched polymers of _________ residues linked though a(1->4) and a(1->6) bonds |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________s contain many long unbranched polysaccharide chains attached to a core protein. The chains, called ____________, are composed of repeating disaccharide units. |
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Definition
| Proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans |
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Term
| Fatty acids are usually straight aliphatic chains with a _______ group at one end and a ________ group at the other end. |
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Definition
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Term
| Unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more... |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common saturated fatty acids in the cell are... |
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Definition
| palmitic acid (C16) and stearic acid (C18) |
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Term
| For fatty acids, 18:0 refers to the number of _________ (18) and the number of __________ (0). |
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Definition
| carbon atoms, double bonds |
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Term
| Both omega-__ and omega-__ fatty acids are required in the diet, as humans cannot synthesize them. |
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Definition
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Term
| The melting point of fatty acids ________ with chain length and _________ with the degree of saturation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Monounsaturated fatty acids contain one... |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ fatty acids contain two or more double bonds. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does omega-9 or omega-3 mean? |
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Definition
| It's a method of classifying fatty acids by the distance from the omega end to a double bond. |
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Term
| The double bonds in most naturally occurring fatty acids are in the _____ configuration. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are trans fatty acids? How are they produced? |
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Definition
| Fatty acids with acyl chains on opposite sides of a double bond, produced by chemical hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oils |
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Term
| An acylglycerol is comprised of ________ with one or more ___________ attached through _________ linkages. |
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Definition
| glycerol, fatty acids, ester |
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Term
| _________________ contain fatty acids esterified to position 1 and 2 of glycerol and a phosphate attached to carbon 3. |
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Definition
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Term
| A glycerol with fatty acids attached and ONLY a phosphate group attached to carbon 3 is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| ______________ is one of the major phosphoacylglycerols found in membranes. |
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Definition
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Term
| In phosphatidylcholine, the amine is _________ charged at neutral pH, and the phosphate is ________ charged. Thus, the molecule is ________. |
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Definition
| positively, negatively, amphipathic |
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Term
| What does amphipathic mean? |
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Definition
| Describes a structure with large polar and nonpolar regions |
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Term
| Lecithin is also called... |
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Definition
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Term
| Removal of a fatty acyl group from a phosphoacylglycerol leads to a... |
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Definition
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Term
| Phospholipids found in membranes, such as phosphatidylocholine, have a _______ group attached to the carbon. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sphingolipids do not have a ________ backbone; they are formed from _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sphingosine is derived from... |
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Definition
| serine and palmitate (a fatty acid) |
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Term
| __________s are amides formed from sphingosine by attaching a fatty acid to the amino group. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sphingolipids contain ________ attached to the hydroxyl group of _________ through glycosidic bonds. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sphingomyelin, galactocerebroside and ganglioside are all classified as... |
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Definition
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Term
| Steroids contain a __-ring structure called a ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is the steroid precursor from which all steroid hormones are synthesized. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cholesterol is converted into amphipathic water-soluble ______ ______s like cholic acid. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cholesterol is one of the compounds synthesized from branched five-carbon units with one double bond called... |
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Definition
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Term
| At neutral pH, the N in amino groups is usually bonded to how many other atoms, and carries what kind of charge? |
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Definition
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Term
| The presence of nitrogen in an organic compound will increase its ___________, whether the N is charged or not. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________s are compounds that contain an amino group and a carboxylic acid group. |
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Definition
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Term
| In proteins, the amino acids are always ___-amino acids. |
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Definition
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Term
| The three most common types of nitrogen-containing rings in the body are... |
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Definition
| purines, pyrimidines, and pyridines |
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Term
| The suffix "-ine" denotes the presence of _________ in the ring. |
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Definition
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Term
| What's special about the pyrimidine uracil? |
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Definition
| It's an exception to the nomenclature for the suffix "-ine" denoting the presence of nitrogen in a ring. |
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Term
| What is the utility of nitrogen in rings as opposed to strictly carbon rings like benzene? |
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Definition
| The nitrogen can form double bonds and accept/donate electrons while still part of the ring. |
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Term
| Nitrogen is a component of ring structures referred to as heterocyclic rings or... |
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Definition
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Term
| Nitrogenous bases form __________s and _________s. |
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Definition
| nucleosides and nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| A nitrogenous base joined to a sugar (usually ribose or deoxyribose) through an N-glycosidic bond. |
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Term
| If a phosphate group is attached to the sugar of a nucleoside, it is called a _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gout is caused by depositions of... |
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Definition
| monosodium urate crystals |
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Term
| Uric acid is produced from degradation of... |
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Definition
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Term
| At blood pH, uric acid completely dissociates a proton to form... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A form of a compound in which the hydrogen can shift , forcing the hydrogen and double bonds to change position. |
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Term
| Uric acid has two tautomeric forms. What are they called? Which dissociates a proton? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A compound with a single election, usually in an outer orbital |
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Term
| Why might tests employing the nitroprusside reaction to monitor the success of therapy in a pt with DKA be misleading? |
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Definition
| It does not react with B-hydroxybutyrate, which does NOT have a ketone group and is the main ketone body in the blood of a pt with DKA. |
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Term
| Carbon structures that are straight or branched with single or double bonds but do not contain a ring are called... |
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Definition
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Term
| Compounds containing the benzene ring or a similar ring structure with benzene-like properties are called... |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the ketone bodies synthesized in the liver of a patient in DKA? |
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Definition
| B-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate |
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Term
| How is acetone formed in the body of a patient in DKA? |
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Definition
| Formed by the nonenzymatic decarboxylation of acetoacetate |
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Term
| B-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate are carboxylates, which are... |
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Definition
| dissociated carboxylic acids |
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Term
| Pts in DKA have metabolic acidosis resulting from an increased hepatic production of... |
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Definition
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Term
| Pts in DKA would have a blood glucose test measured by enzymatic assay that is specific for the sugar... |
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Definition
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Term
| What functional groups do acetoacetate and acetone have? |
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Definition
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Term
| B-hydroxybutyrate contains an _______ group, not a ketone group |
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Definition
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Term
| In biomolecules, the major anionic substituents are... |
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Definition
| carboxylate, phosphate and sulfate groups |
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Term
| _________s consist of nitrogen attached through single bonds to hydrogen atoms and to one or more carbon atoms |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary amines, like dopamine, have one C-N bond. They are weak _____s, with a pKa of about ____, so that at pH 7.4 they carry a ________ charge. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does it mean if an amine is secondary, tertiary or quaternary? |
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Definition
| Indicates the number of C-N bonds |
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Term
| What substance is formed when a carboxylic acid and an alcohol combine, splitting out water? |
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Definition
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Term
| A thioester is formed when a carboxylic acid combines with a... |
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Definition
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Term
| When phosphoric acid reacts with an alcohol and splits out water, it forms... |
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Definition
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Term
| When a carboxylic acid combines with an amine to produce water, it also produces... |
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Definition
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Term
| When two acids combine and produce water, they also produce... |
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Definition
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Term
| Simple monosaccharides consist of a linear chain or 3 or more carbon atoms, one of which forms a _______ group with oxygen. |
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Definition
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Term
| Besides the carbonyl group, the other carbons of an unmodified monosaccharide contain what groups? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the general formula for an unmodified sugar? |
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Definition
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Term
| The suffix "____" is used for the names of sugars. |
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Definition
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Term
| If its carbonyl group is an aldehyde, the sugar is an... |
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Definition
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Term
| If its carbonyl group is a ketone, the sugar is a... |
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Definition
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Term
| A carbon atom that contains four different chemical groups forms a... |
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Definition
| asymmetrical or chiral center |
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Term
| Monosaccharide stereoisomers are designated ___ or ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sugars are assumed to be ___ sugars unless ___ is specifically added to the name. |
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Definition
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Term
| A sugar with n asymmetric centers has how many stereoisomers (unless it has a plane of symmetry)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Stereoisomers that differ in the position of the hydroxyl group at one of their asymmetric carbons |
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Term
| D-Glucose and D-galactose are ________ of each other. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the enzymes in humans that can interconvert epimers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Monosaccharides exist in solution mainly as _____ structures in which a ________ group reacted with a ________ group in the same molecule. |
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Definition
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Term
| When a ring sugar forms, what happens to the oxygen that was on the hydroxyl group? |
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Definition
| It becomes part of the ring |
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Term
| When a ring sugar forms, what happens to the original carbonyl carbon? |
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Definition
| it now contains an -OH group and it called the anomeric carbon atom |
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Term
| A hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon drawn below the ring is in the ____ position, and above the ring it's in the _____ position. |
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Definition
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Term
| In solution, the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon spontaneously changes position through a process called... |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the cellular enzymes that speed up the process by which the anomeric hydroxyl group changes position? |
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Definition
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Term
| When can a sugar NOT change the position of the hydroxyl group on its anomeric carbon? |
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Definition
| When the anomeric carbon forms a bond with another molecule, the bond is fixed in the a or B position |
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Term
| What happens to most monosaccharides within cells to prevent transport out of the cell? |
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Definition
| They are phosphorylated at their terminal carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| sugar with an amino group instead of hydroxyl group on one of its carbons |
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Term
| Sugars can be oxidized at the aldehyde carbon to form a ______. How does the name change? |
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Definition
| acid. "-ose" to "-onic acid" or "-onate" |
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Term
| If the carbon containing the terminal hydroxyl group is oxidized, the sugar is called a... |
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Definition
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