1. climate

2. topography

3. geology: bedrock, surficial

4. soils

5. hydrology

6. land use history

7. natural disturbance

1. long snowy winters

2. short summers

3. average january temperatures= 20 degrees F

4. avg. july temp= 70 degrees F

5. Average annual precipitation ranges from 30-90 inches, near 40 in many areas

6. winds from west and south

7. weather is changeable

9 ecological classes statewide

1. champlain valley= limestones, shales, flat/rolling, warm, low precip, oaks and hardwoods, clay plains

2. northern green mountains= schists, mountains and foothills, cool, high precip, hardwoods, spruce, alpine meadows

3. northeastern highlands

4. northern vermont pedimont

5. southern green mountains

6. southern vermont pedimont

7. taconic mtns

8. vermont valley

really sandy topography, when stream hits lake, heavy sediment falls out first, thats where they get their name.

fires= imp. in dynamics of this community

red maple, pitch pine, black oak, shadbush, witch hazel, beaked hazelnut, sarsparilla, sheep laural, pine warbler

"matrix forest"

lots of vertical structure & diversity

beech, maple, birch, white pine- early successional species

ferns= lady fern, xmas fern, evergreen wood fern

painted trillium

ovenbird

balsam fir

red spruce

canada mayflower, mtn wood sorrel, mtn wood fern, bunchberry

red squirrel

mtn cranberry= thick waxy leaves to retain water

cushion life form= alpine plant species, deep root systems

-devised by the internatinal botanical congress, alphonse de Candolle

-purpose= attempt to stabilize botanical nomenclature

two parts, genus, scientific species epithet

should be italicized or underlined

ex: Acer saccharum

-first used by Linneaus

-generic names are nouns, species epithets are adjectives (red oak= Quercus rubra)

-authorities name should be included

names of higher taxa, quercus- genus of oaks

fabaceae- family of peas

*capitalized but not italicized

-names of genera are singular nouns, taxa and above are plural

-each has standard ending, ex: families =aceae

-taxonomic or linnaean hierarchy= standardized set of inter-nested ranks

each taxonomic group is included in a more inclusive higher order

domain

kingdom

phylum

class

order

family

genus

species

division- phyta

class- opsida

order- ales

family- aceae

-two taxa are united- lumping

-two taxa divided- splitting

-a taxon is transferred from one genus to another

-change in rank

-earlier correct name found to exist

1. botanical and zoological nomenclature are independent

-different conventions- tautonums (alces alces) not permitted in zoological code, not botanical

-homonyms permitted across kingdoms

2. application of names of groups determined by means of nomenclatural types. the type of each species or infraspecific taxon is a type of specimen

3. application of names of taxonomic groups is based on priority of publication

4.each taxonomic group w/ a particular circumscription, position, and rank can bear only one correct name, earliest that is published in accordance w/ the rules (except for 8 families w/ alt. latin names)

5. scientific names of taxonomic groups are treated as latin regardless of their deviation

6. rules of nomenclature are retroactive unless expressly limited

holotype: unique herbarium specimen to which a scientific name is anchored

isotype: a duplicate of the holotype, same collection # as holotype, but different physical sample

paratype: additional specimens cited in the author's original species description

lectotype: a specimen designated by an expert to replace a holotype if original destroyed or if the other one was never created

- states that the correct name for a taxon is the earliest name published in accordance w/ rules of nomenclature

-priority begins may 1 1753, publication date of linnaeus's species plantarum

-later published names are synomyms

apiaceae=umbelliferae=parsley

asteraceae=compositae=sunflower

brassicaceae=cruciferae= mustard

clusiaceae=guttiferae=st. johnswort

fabaceae=leguminosae=pea

lamiaceae=labiatae=mint

poaceae=graminae=grass

arecaceae=palmae=palm

1. binomial and authority

2. designation of holotype

3. description or diagnosis of species in latin

must be rejected if:

1. it's a synonym

2. it is a homonym of a species that already exists

example: mountain maple is a synonym, japanese maple is a homonym

-effectively published

-validly published

-legitimate- can't be a synonym(valid name already exists) or a homonym (exact same name has been used for another species

Japanese maple

correct: Acer brevilobum.  incorrect homonym: Acer parviflorum

1. information, storage and retrieval-helpful way to organize

2. a system of classification allows you to make predictions about the organisms being classified but only if the system is based on evolution

-needs of tghe historical period

- level of knowledge of the historical period

-philosophical concepts of the historical period

-available technology of the historical period

1. artificial systems- based on one or a few characters. emphasis on utility

2. natural systems- based on many characters. emphasis on revealing the pattern in the creators mind

3. phylogenetic systems- based on the characters determined to be most telling of evolutionary relationship. emphasis on revlaing the pattern of evolutionary relationship

more scientific

doctrine of signatures

walnuts looked like brains- so helpful for brain disease

father of modern botany- species plantarum 7700 species.

highly opinionated- saw world of nature as god's collection

sexual system- under the sexual system, plants were divided into classes based on the number of stamens and then into orders based on number of pistils

phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants

-radial symmetry

big perfect flowers

elongate receptacles

lots of parts

little fusion

woody: herbaceous

Terrestrial: aquatic

Petals present: petals absent

Petals separate: petals fused

Radial symmetry: bilateral symmetry

reduction in number of parts

fusion of parts

increased specialization

change from radial to bilateral symmetry

integrated classification of flowering plants

expert on asteraceae

published many books on flora

introduced subclasses 6 dicots, 5 monocots

fusion uncommon

well devleoped perianth, tepals

androecium typically of many stamens

flowers apocarpous

essential oils common

ex families: magnoliaceae, ranunculaceae

corollas fused

stamens less than or equal to number of corolla lobes, often fused to them

gynoecium typically bicarpellate

many have nectary disc

many exhibit specialized mechanisms for pollination

lamiaceae

scrophulariaceae

campanulaceae

rubiaceae

asteraceae

pumpkins/squash/melons

herbaceous vines w/ tendrils

leaves alternate, palmately lobed

flowers actinomorhpic, imperfect, yellow

ovary inferior, placentation parietal

fruit a pepo

1. convergent evolution, in response to common ecological pressures

2. they share primitive character states, inherited from a distant common ancestor

3. they share derived character states, inherited from a presumably recent common ancestor

the equivalence of 2 strcutures in 2 or more organisms as a result of their inheritance from a common ancestor that also possessed that structure

ex: wing of bat and human arm bone

halteres are a derived character state shared by all flies

nectary disc is derived state shared by rosidae and asterideae

1. choose study group taxa

2. choose suitable outgroup

3. polarize characters

4. c5. ally taxa on basis of shared derived charactersonstruct data matrix

number of characters/number of steps

choose hypothesis with highest consistency index= principle of parsimony

members do not share a recent common ancester

ex: homeotherms (mammalia and aves)