Term
| What type of membranes do neurons contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What allows ions to get through membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an electrical pressure? What is the unit of measurement? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is any net flow of charge? What is the unit of measurement? |
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Definition
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Term
| By convention positive current flows in the direction of what charge? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the measure of the ease of current flow between two points? What is the unit of measurement? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the equation for conductance? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Ohm's law? What is Ohm's law with the addition of conudctance? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a device that can separate charge? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is natures best capacitors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a non-gated static property of a membrane that effects current flow? |
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Definition
| passive membrane property (resistance) |
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Term
| What is the voltage at which there will be no net movement of that ion through an open conductance? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F Every permeant ion has its own equilibrium potential. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two primary driving forces that work together to set the equilibrium potential for an ion? |
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Definition
| chemical gradient and electrical gradient |
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Term
| What kind of proteins are ion channels? |
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Definition
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Term
| All ion channels allow movement of ions down what? |
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Definition
| chemical and electrical gradients |
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Term
| Ion transporters are what type of proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Nernst equation for monovalent cations? |
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Definition
| E = 60*log([ion out]/[ion in]) |
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Term
| T/F Having a membrane potential means entire inside of the cell is charged with respect to the outside. |
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Definition
| False (just needs to be a potential difference) |
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Term
| What does the Nernst equation predict? |
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Definition
| Where the equilibrium will occur for a membrane with permeability to a single ion. |
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Term
| What is the voltage across the membrane of a cell at rest? |
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Definition
| resting membrane potential |
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Term
| What is the weighting factor for resting membrane potentials? |
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Definition
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Term
| Permeability of a membrane to ions in solution depends on what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells follow the Nernst equation near identically? |
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Definition
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Term
| Net driving force x permiability is equal to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| First demonstration of "animal electricity" was when and by whom? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was the mechniams of action potential generation first adressed and by whom? |
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Definition
| Early 1900's Julius Bernstein |
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Term
| The largest resting conductance is for what ion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was Bernstein's general permeability theory disproved? |
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Definition
| Because of the overshoot (greater than 0 mV) that occurs during excitation. If the membrane was only permeable to K+ then the membrane potential wouldn't exceed 0 mV. |
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Term
| What is the voltage at which an all-or-none action potential is initiated? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two differences between K+ and Na+ channels. |
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Definition
1) Na+ channels have faster activation kinetics
2) During maintained depolarization Na+ channels inactivate and K+ channels don't |
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Term
| K+ channels are modeled with four voltage sensitive gating particles called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What opens K+ channel n gates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of voltage sensitive gating particles in Na+ channels? Describe conformation at rest. Describe conformation during rising phase. |
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Definition
m gates (3)
h gate (1)
Rest: m gates closed; h gate open
Rising phase: m gates open, h gates open. At peak h gate closes. |
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Term
| At peak what ion has the highest level of permeability? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two main variables that affect speed of signal propagation? |
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Definition
1) Resistance
2) Capacitance |
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Term
| What variables change when the diameter of an axon is increased? |
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Definition
| Resistance decreases and capacitance increases. |
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Term
| Why is speed of propagation of an action potential decreased with very large diameters? |
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Definition
| Because resistance decreases in proportion to the square of the diameter while capacitance increases proportionally. Overall effect reduces speed. |
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Term
| Myelination of axons reduce ______ without changing ______. |
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Definition
Reduce capacitance
Without changing resistance |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of human nervous systems? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| What is located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and relates to the somatic motor neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Somatic efferent neurons are ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What neurotransmitter and and receptors are located in the somatic nervous system? |
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Definition
| Acetylcholine throughout and nicotinic AChR |
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Term
| Name the neurotransmitters and receptors found in the sympathetic nervous system and describe the neurons. (most common type) |
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Definition
| Short preganglionic neurons to dorsal root ganglion, uses ACh with nicotinic ACh receptors. Post ganglionic fibers are long and use norepi. with alpha and Beta receptors. |
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Term
| Name the neurotransmitters and receptors found in the sympathetic nervous system and describe the neurons. (less common type) |
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Definition
| Short preganglionic neurons using ACh and nicotinic AChR at the dorsal root ganglion. Long post ganglionic neurons using ACh that attach to muscarinic AChR. |
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Term
| Name the neurotransmitters found in the parasympathetic nervous system and explain the neurons. |
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Definition
| Long preganglionic neurons that use ACh and nicotinic AChR; short post ganglionic neurons that use ACh and muscarinic AChR that innervate the viscera. |
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Term
| The sympathetic nervous system is sometimes called the _______ division of the ANS. |
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Definition
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Term
| The parasympathetic nervous system is sometimes called the ______ division of the ANS. |
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Definition
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Term
| There are how many vertebra in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many spinal nerves are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sympathetic output is ______ while parasympathetic output is _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sympathetic and parasympathetic balance for a given system creates ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Give examples of a few of the efferent targets of the parasympathetic nervous system (which nerves). |
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Definition
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Term
| Life sustaining reflex arcs are mostly mediated by what two parts of the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cardiovascular reflexes are mediated where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most autonomic functions are ultimately regulated through the what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nicotinic AChR are what type of receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscarinic AChR are what type of receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscarinic AChR are generally excitatory but are inhibitory where? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two enzymes responsible for breaking down norepinephrine? |
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Definition
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Term
| If receptors are located on the terminal from which neurotransmitters are released and bind the NT's being released from there they are called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the kidney releases NE? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells respond to ACh from sympathetic preganglionic fibers and releases NE? In what ratio? |
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Definition
chromaffin cells
4:1 ratio |
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