Term
| Name 6 features of a cell. |
|
Definition
1) All cells have a membrane
2) All cells are made from the same materials (proteins, fats, etc.)
3) All cells able to regulate influx and efflux of nutrients
4) All cells contain DNA/RNA
5) All cells can reproduce themselves
6) All cells require supply of energy |
|
|
Term
| What are the two justifications of the Cell Theory? |
|
Definition
1) All living things are made of cells
2) Living cells come only from other living cells |
|
|
Term
| Name the four parts of a phospholipid. |
|
Definition
1) Choline
2) Phosphate
3) Glycerol
4) Fatty Acid Tail
1,2,and 3 are part of polar head. |
|
|
Term
| Lipid bilayers in aqueous solutions form spheres called _______, because it is energetically favorable. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When referring to the permeability of a lipid bilayer they are:
1) Highly permeable to?
2) Lowly permeable to?
3) Extremely lowly permeable to?
4) Virtually impermeable to? |
|
Definition
1) non-polar molecules (O2, N2, benzene)
2) small polar molecules (Urea, glycerol, H2O)
3) large polar molecules (glucose, sucrose)
4) ions (K+,Na+) |
|
|
Term
| Why is it important for the cell membrane to be impermeable to ions? |
|
Definition
| To create a membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| What is the main constituent of a cell membrane that increases its rigidity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ are thought to function in cell recognition processes and may also help regulate concentrations of specific ions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A _______ energy source is one that uses metabolic energy from the cell in the form of ATP. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ______ energy source is one that uses energy other than ATP. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name three types of carrier proteins and their functions. |
|
Definition
Uniport- transports 1 solute
Symport- transports 2 solutes in same direction
Antiport- transports 2 solutes in opposite directions
*Antiports and Symports is an example of carrier mediated transportation |
|
|
Term
| If symports and antiports move solutes only in accordance with their chemical and/or electrical gradient they facilitate what kind of transport? What if they they use energy stored in the electrochemical gradient? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A carrier protein that facilitates Na+ and glucose is an example of what? What kind of energy source does it use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glucose binding to a carrier protein better when Na+ is also bound is an example of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Na+/K+ pump is an example of what kind of carrier protein? What kind of energy source does it use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution, often expressed in osmoles per liter is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Particles that interact with water but are impermeable to the plasma membrane are known as what? |
|
Definition
| Osmotically active particles |
|
|
Term
| The amount of substance that dissolves in solution to form 1 mole of osmotically active particles is known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A solution that has a high solute concentration is referred to as what? What does it cause a cell to do? |
|
Definition
Hypertonic Solution
Crenate (shrink) |
|
|
Term
| A solution that has a low solute concentration is referred to as what? What does it cause a cell to do? |
|
Definition
Hypotonic Solution
Swell and lyse |
|
|
Term
| A solution that contains equal amounts of solute on both sides of membrane is referred to as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Process by which cells engulf material from their surroundings. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mechanism for secretion of intracellular substances into the extracellular space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A When receptors become bound with LDL their affinity for one another increases and they pinch into the cell, a process known as _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the protein responsible for pitting during pinocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term for a cell engulfing large particles or entire microorganisms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After phagocytosis occurs a phagosome is created and eventually fuses with a _______. |
|
Definition
| Lysosome to begin digestion |
|
|
Term
| What is the secretory pathway that is unregulated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the secretory pathway that is controlled by a signal? |
|
Definition
| Regulated secretory pathway |
|
|
Term
| These two organelles contain a double lipid bilayer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein portions of DNA form spool-like structures called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the site of protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are ribosomes constructed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process by which mRNA is used to synthesize a protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fluid filled spaces of the ER are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rough ER is the site of what kind protein synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Secretory proteins and lysosomes |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary role of the smooth ER? |
|
Definition
| lipid and steroid synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical pH within a lysozome? What happens if a lysozome were to burst? |
|
Definition
pH = 5
The acid hydrolases only function in a pH of ~5. The cytoplasm of a cell has a typical pH of 7.2. |
|
|
Term
| What is a compound produced in one cell, and used to transmit a message to one or other cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a specific protein that is the site for binding of a signaling molecule. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism that is activated by a receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a small intracellular signaling molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of a compound that binds to a receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a ligand that binds to the receptor and activates an effector? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a ligand that binds to a receptor but does not activate an effector? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a compound that binds to a receptor and inactivates receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A _________ binds to a receptor at a discrete site and changes the maximal response without changing the EC50. |
|
Definition
| Non-competitive antagonist |
|
|
Term
| When a signaling molecule is not diffusible and cells must be in direct contact they are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the type of signaling where molecules are released into the extracellular space, but are rapidly taken up by other cells or destroyed by enzymes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of signaling allows very specific and very rapid delivery of highly concentrated signaling molecules at large distances from the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of signaling allows relatively slow and non-specific delivery at low concentrations via the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of signaling allows relatively slow and non-specific delivery at low concentrations via the bloodstream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of receptors? |
|
Definition
Cell Surface
Cytosolic/Nuclear Receptors |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of cell surface receptors? |
|
Definition
Ligand Gated Ion Channel
G-protein linked
Enzyme linked |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for ion channel linked receptors? |
|
Definition
| Ligand gated ion channels |
|
|
Term
| What are ion channel linked receptors gated by? |
|
Definition
| Neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine, Ach, etc) |
|
|
Term
| What are most ligand gated ion channels structured as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the ligand binding subunits on ligand gated ion channels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the antagonistic snake poison that inhibits Ach binding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of a receptor that has 5 identical subunits? |
|
Definition
| Homomeric receptor (contrast to heteromeric) |
|
|
Term
| What structural subunits go along with the a1 ligand binding subunit? |
|
Definition
| B1, gamma, delta (lowercase greek delta) |
|
|
Term
| What structural subunits go along with the a2-a4 ligand binding subunits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ligand binding subunits have the highest affinity for Ach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the largest family of cell surface receptors that are found in all eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
| G-protein linked receptors |
|
|
Term
| What modulates function of a receptor but binds somewhere other than where the main ligand binds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About half of all known receptors work through which receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many transmembrane spanning regions do G-protein linked receptors have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two units that make up a g-protein? |
|
Definition
alpha subunit
beta-gamma complex |
|
|
Term
| What part of the g-protein system binds the target protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs immediately after the alpha subunit binds to the target protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs after hydrolysis of GTP in the alpha subunit? |
|
Definition
| Reassembly with the beta gamma subunit |
|
|
Term
| The target protein of an alpha subunit in the g-protein system is referred to as a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What acts as crucial alpha subunit specific GTPase activating proteins? |
|
Definition
RGS proteins
regulator of g-protein signaling |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 main receptors targeted by g-proteins? |
|
Definition
adenylyl cyclase
phospholipase C
membrane bound ion channels |
|
|
Term
| cAMP is synthesized from ATP by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is cAMP broken down by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most effects of cAMP are mediated by activation of what? |
|
Definition
| cAMP dependent protein kinases (PKA) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of PKA and that helps regulate function? |
|
Definition
| Catalyzes transfer of terminal phosphate from ATP to specific Ser or Thr residues on target proteins |
|
|
Term
| What activates adenylyl cyclase and therefore increases cAMP concentration? |
|
Definition
stimulatory g-proteins Gs
(contrast to inhibitory g-proteins Gi) |
|
|
Term
| Where is phospholipase C found? |
|
Definition
| Cytoplasmic side of membrane |
|
|
Term
| What activates phospholipase C? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When phospholipase C is active it breaks down certain lipids to form what two compounds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does IP3 bind and what is its function? |
|
Definition
| Binds to the smooth ER and causes release of stored calcium |
|
|
Term
| What binds to cytosolic/nuclear receptors? |
|
Definition
| Small non-polar compounds such as steroid and thyroid hormones. |
|
|
