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| Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. |
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| A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. |
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| No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. |
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| The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. |
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| No person shall be held to answer for any capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. |
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| The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. |
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| The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. |
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| In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. |
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| Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. |
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| : who gets what, when, and how; a process of determining how power and resources are distributed in a society without recourse to violence |
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| the ability to get others to do what you want |
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| a system or organization for exercising authority over a body of people |
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directives that specify how resources will be distributed or what procedures govern collective activity
The “how” of who gets what, and how? |
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organizations in which government power is exercised
The “where” of the political struggle |
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| production and distribution of a society’s material resources and services |
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| A portrait of Adam Smith, one of the foremost developers of capitalist economic theory. Theory of Moral Sentiments; An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. |
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| Karl Marx, the principal philosopher of socialist economics. Wrote the Communist Manifesto. |
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market determines production, distribution, and price decisions
Regulated capitalism has government procedural guarantees, whereas laissez-faire capitalism doesn’t |
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the state determines production, distribution, and price decisions; property is government owned
Few nations still claim allegiance to socialism |
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| is a hybrid of capitalism and socialism |
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Term
Authoritarian systems
The state holds all power
Monarchy |
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Definition
| government power vested in a king or queen (Saudi Arabia) |
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Authoritarian systems
The state holds all power
Theocracy |
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| government claims to draw its power from divine or religious authority (Iran) |
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Authoritarian systems
Fascist government |
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Definition
| policy is made for the ultimate glory of the state (Nazi Germany) |
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Term
Authoritarian systems
Oligarchy |
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Definition
| rule by a small group of elites |
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Term
Authoritarian systems
Totalitarian government |
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Definition
| a system in which absolute control is exercised over every aspect of life (North Korea) |
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Nonauthoritarian systems
Anarchy |
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Definition
| the absence of government and laws |
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Nonauthoritarian systems
Democracy |
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Definition
government that vests power in the people; based on popular sovereignty
Popular sovereignty: the concept that the citizens are the ultimate source of political power |
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Theories of democracy
Elite democracy |
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Definition
| limits the citizens’ role to choosing among competing leaders |
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Theories of democracy
Pluralist democracy |
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| citizen membership in groups is the key to political power |
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Theories of democracy
Participatory democracy |
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Definition
| citizens should actively and directly control all aspects of their lives |
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Term
Role of the people in
Authoritarian systems |
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Definition
: individuals are subjects of their state government
Subjects: individuals who are obliged to submit to a government authority against which they have no rights |
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The role of the people in
Democratic systems |
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Definition
people are citizens
Citizens: members of a political community having both rights and responsibilities, which include obeying laws, paying taxes, owning businesses, participating in government |
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| Founders of social contract theory |
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| the notion that society is based on an agreement between government and the governed in which people agree to give up some rights in exchange for the protection of others |
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| government not due to divine right; instead people agree to be governed for protection |
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| people agree to give up some rights in exchange for the protection of other rights by the government |
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| Legitimate government requires that people consent to it and if government breaks contract, people may form a new one |
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feared “pure democracy” because people may create “factions”
Factions: groups that might pursue only their self-interest |
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preferred a republic
Republic: a government in which decisions are made through representatives of the people |
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| You are an American citizen if you are? |
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Definition
Born in the United States, whether or not parents are citizens (jus soli – “the right of the soil”)
Born to American parents abroad (jus sanguinis – “the right by blood”). |
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| citizens or subjects of other countries who move to another country to live or work |
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| the legal process of acquiring citizenship for someone who has not acquired it by birth |
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| Who said “Give me liberty, or give me death?” |
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| the broad patterns of ideas, beliefs, and values about citizens and government held by the citizens of a country |
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| central ideas, principles, or standards that most people agree are important |
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| government assurance that the rules will work smoothly and treat everyone fairly, with no promise of particular outcomes |
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| assuring outcomes are fair |
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| belief that what is good for society is based on what is good for individuals |
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| representative democracy is a fair way to make decisions |
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| procedural view that no unfair restrictions will be placed on you |
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| Americans believe in equality of treatment, access, and opportunity but not in equality of result |
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| sets of beliefs about politics and society that help people make sense of their world |
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| people who generally favor limited government and are cautious about change |
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| people who generally favor government action and view change as progress |
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Conservatives prefer little government involvement in economy
Liberals see a positive government role |
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Term
| The social order dimension |
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Definition
Economic security has led Americans to become more concerned with quality of life and moral issues
Division over limited versus more active government control of individual lives |
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Definition
| political arrangements that allow for the fullest exercise of individual liberty as long as the liberties of others are not unreasonably restricted. |
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Definition
views liberalism with suspicion and tends to interpret social change as a threat to established practices and beliefs
Tend to support the use of government to reinforce traditional social relations
Important to Democrats & Republicans |
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Definition
is concerned primarily with the well being of ordinary people, and emphasizes the popular will
Moderating force between classical liberalism and social conservatism
Most Texans are moderate or conservative |
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Definition
To escape feudalism and for the opportunity to own land
For economic opportunities (raw materials in new world)
To practice religion freely (Puritans) |
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Property qualifications for voting
in the colonies |
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Definition
| Less restrictive than in England (more people owned land) |
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Term
Religious qualifications for voting
in the colonies |
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Definition
| Much more restrictive than property qualifications (Massachusetts – requirement – member of Puritan Church) |
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Term
War
Why England believed it was right |
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Definition
Wanted colonists to help pay for the French and Indian War
Colonists rejected offers of representation in Parliament
Virtual Representation |
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Term
War
Why the colonists believed they were right |
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Definition
Unfair taxation, such as the Sugar and Tea Acts
Tyrannical monarch
Belief in popular sovereignty
Representation (of people) |
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Term
| The Colonists and Independence |
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Definition
differences in US and British ideology over representation, constitution and sovereignty.
Jefferson is influenced by Locke’s belief in natural rights (life, liberty, and property)
He argues that King George has violated the social contract with the colonists
Jefferson must make the case why this revolution is just, but others are not |
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Term
| The Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
Established a “firm league of friendship”
Created a confederacy giving power to the states
Federal government had few powers and limited ability to carry out those powers |
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Term
| Problems with the Articles |
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Definition
No executive to administer the government (no real leader)
No power to tax without states’ consent (difficult to do anything like establish a national army without money)
No authority to regulate commerce (trade between states became chaotic because states were using their own money; continental dollars were worth nothing)
Congress could pass laws but had little power to execute or enforce them |
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Definition
| the unrestrained power of the people |
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Definition
Bicameral legislature
Representation in both based on population
One house elected by the people; one house elected by state legislatures
Single executive chosen by Congress
Favored by large states |
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Term
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Definition
Unicameral legislature
Equal representation
Representatives elected by state legislatures
Multi-person executive
Favored by small states |
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Definition
Bicameral legislature
House of Representatives based on population and chosen by the people
Senate based on equal representation and chosen by the state legislatures
Single executive chosen by the electoral college
Federal court system
Three-fifths compromise |
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Term
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Definition
Supported ratification of the Constitution
Wanted strong central government
Concerned about security and order
E.g., Madison, Hamilton, Jay |
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Definition
Opposed ratification of the Constitution
Wanted states to have power over the federal government
Corruption best kept in check at the local level
E.g., Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry |
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Definition
Written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay under the pen name Publius
Called for ratification of the Constitution
Published in New York papers to persuade legislators to ratify the Constitution
Among the best known: Federalist Nos. 10, 51, and 78 |
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Definition
Madison warned against dangers of factions
The causes of factions cannot be controlled (that infringes on liberty); must control the effects of factions
Effects of factions could best be controlled by a republic |
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| Ratification of the Constitution |
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Definition
Required support of nine of the thirteen state legislatures
Small states were quick to support the Constitution because of the inclusion of the Senate
Eventually all thirteen states ratified it (Rhode Island the last in 1790) |
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| Three elements of citizenship |
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Definition
Citizenship should rest on consent.
There should not be grades or levels of citizenship.
Citizenship should confer equal rights on all citizens. |
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Definition
7
Coahuila y Tejas
Republic of Texas
Constitution of 1845
Confederate Constitution
Constitution of 1866
Constitution of 1869
Texas Constitution of 1876 |
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Term
| Problems with Texas Constitution |
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Definition
Overly long
Extremely detailed
Confusingly organized
Poorly written |
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| Texas Constitution Organization |
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Definition
Article I – Bill of Rights
Article II – Creates the 3 branches and forbids one person from using the powers of more than one branch
Article III – Legislative
Article IV – Executive
Article V – Judicial (Six levels and types of courts)
Article VI – Education (spending cannot exceed 1/4th) |
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