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| The early 3rd century text is arguably the most Gnostic of the New Testament apocrypha, portraying Christ as the "Heavenly Redeemer", independent of and beyond creation, who can free souls from the darkness of the world. References to the work by Epiphanius show how it was in circulation in the 4th century. The complete versions that survive are Syriac and Greek. Scholars detect from the Greek that its original was written in Syriac. |
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| He lived to 105 in the desert, founder of Egyptian monasticism. His biography was the early bestseller of Christianity, written by Athanasius |
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| The illegitimate son of Augustine born by his concubine. He was baptized into the Christian faith at roughly 15 years old with Augustine. He died in his youth well before Augustine. |
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| “Ever-virgin”, referring to Mary’s virginity before, during, and after the birth of Jesus. |
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| made bishop of Tagaste in 394. He is credited with building the first monastery in Africa. He was a lifelong friend of Augustine; he joined Augustine in his conversion and life in Christianity. He came from an aristocratic family and his early life was as a magistrate in Rome. He had very strong moral beliefs and resisted joining in enthusiasm of the Roman games by closing his eyes during the games. |
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| ambition of the age (pride), one of the three lusts according to Augustine. |
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| represented the affairs of Rome and Italy to the government in Constantinople; Pope Saint Gregory the Great was this type of representative of Pope Pelagius II to Emperor Tiberius II |
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| Apollinarius of Laodicaea |
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| A bishop who, in his zeal to condemn Arianism, asserted that Christ did not have a human soul or spirit; this was replaced by the Divine Word. This position was condemned at the Council of Constantinople |
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| One of the key figures in Western monasticism, heavily influenced by eastern and Egyptian monasticism through the writings of John Cassian. Founded several monasteries, most notably at Monte Cassino, and wrote the famous Rule for Monks |
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| Those who live the ascetic life in community (monks and nuns) as opposed to hermits who live as solitaries. |
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| Concupiscence of the flesh--A lust of the flesh which inheres in the delight given by all pleasures of the senses. One of the three kinds of concupiscence in "Confessions" |
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| Concupiscence of the eyes--Another kind of Lust which the divine word calls it the “lust of the eyes.” One of the three kinds of concupiscence in "Confessions" |
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| The Latin term, “I confess” here specifically refers to a threefold confession implied in the confessions of St. Augustine: Confession of sins, faith, and praise. |
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| Wrote extensively and was a leading protagonist in the Christological controversies of the later 4th, and 5th centuries. He was a central figure in the First Council of Ephesus in 431, which led to the deposition of Nestorius as Archbishop of Constantinople. In particular, he vigorously defended Our Lady under her title “Theotokos,” and engaged Nestorius in various letters on the nature of the hypostatic union. |
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| Pope (366-384) and Saint; appointed St. Jerome as his personal secretary; created (through Jerome) a standard Latin translation of the Bible, known as the Vulgate--replacing the existing Vetus Latina, and translated from the original Hebrew instead of the Greek Septuagint. |
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| the deacon of Carthage who wrote to Augustine of Hippo, requesting guidance on how to instruct those who were just beginning to learn about the faith. Augustine responded with a manual for catechists entitled De catechizandis rudibus. |
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| Four books written by Pope Gregory the Great on holy men in Italy. They were written in 593/594. His purpose was to honor the memory of the saints of Italy and to edify his fellow countrymen. The second of these four books included the life of St. Benedict. The last constituted an essay on the immortality of the soul which discusses eschatological themes of death, purgatory, heaven, and hell. |
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| A heretical sect established in North Africa by Donatus. They denied the validity of those sacraments conferred by a sinful member of the clergy. Augustine began to deal with this sect in 393 with Psalmus contra partem Donati and wrote De baptismo contra Donatistas in 400. |
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| The first young woman of noble rank in Rome to embrace the vocation to virginity. Jerome wrote a letter, Epistula XXII ad BLANK, exhorting her to be vigilant in the preserving her virginity. |
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| Pope St. Leo the Great's chief struggle was against this man. Leo's Tome is written in response to his assertion that “our Lord had two natures before they were united, but after the union one nature” |
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| highly reputed Manichean to whom Augustine posed questions regarding doctrines of the Manichees. Augustine soon found out his ignorance of the liberal arts (except grammar and literature), but he was still charmed by his rhetorical skills and humility. This marked the beginning of Augustine's disaffection with Manicheism |
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| Flavian of Constantinople |
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| Bishop of Constantinople during time of Leo's Tome and the Christological controversy of the fifth century. The Tome of Leo was written to him in response to Eutyches and his followers. Leo rebuked him for not moving more swiftly against Eutyches who asserted such heresy. |
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| Cyril of Alexandria's Epistle to John of Antioch claiming that in Christ, there is a union of two natures without confusion. After John and several churches had broken communion with Alexandria after the Council of Ephesus, this letter framed as a response to an initiative by John and the bishops around Antioch to heal the schism in the Church. |
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| defends the claim that equal glory is attached to both virginity and the married state. He also argues that Mary and Joseph had children after the birth of Christ. He is refuted by Jerome on both of these points. |
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| A work by Cicero that Augustine read at age 18. This work enkindled in Augustine his love of wisdom and, in so doing, gave him “different values and priorities.” |
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| was born in 347/8, baptized in 366, turned to the ascetic life in 370, and dies in 419/420. He is most famous for his love of Scripture and biblical studies. He translated the OT from Hebrew, modified the translation of the psalter (resulting in the “Gallican Psalter”), and revised translations of the Gospels at the request of Pope Damasus. He also defended popular pieties, supported, papal authority, and promoted asceticism, especially virginity, sexual continence, and the monastic life. His Biblical commentaries preserved in the West the fruits of Greek and of Origen-influenced exegesis. |
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| was the so-called “Robbers Council” of 449, called by Theodosius II in Ephesus. Leo was prevented from attending by Attila and the council was dominated by Dioscorus of Alexandria and Eutyches. This council declared “one nature after the union” in Christ and its decision were annulled by Leo. |
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| one of groups of germanic barbarians. Pope St. Gregory spent much of his papacy dealing with the invasion of this group of Italy, securing his people from them, working for peace and conversion. They pillaged and burned Monte Cassino in 589. |
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| teaches that Jesus Christ had two natures but only one will. It is essentially a modification of Monophysitism, propagated within the Catholic Church in order to conciliate the Monophysites, in hopes of reunion. |
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| Became bishop of Constantinople in 428; he preached his 1st sermon against theotokos by the end of the year. He denied that God has a mother (Mary gave birth only to the human being, the instrument of the Godhead), that the incarnate God died, and claimed that burial belonged to the man, but not the divinity of Christ. The Council of Ephesus condemned him and removed him from his see. |
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| Often translated “porter,” it was the lowest minor order of the Western Church. Monica attempts to continue her African custom of offering cakes, wine, etc. at the shrines of saints and martyrs but is forbidden by Ambrose’s doorkeeper (this term). |
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| Administration of Papal lands that were a great concern for Gregory the Great as he managed the portion of it in Sicily to provide food for the city of Rome. The lands include: tracts in Sicily, Campania, Tuscany, Corsica, Dalmatia, Gaul, and North Africa. These were a major concern in Gregory’s Letters. |
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| one of the three orders that Gregory discussed: Rulers, preachers and superiors (these three make up only the first term of three). |
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| Written by Gregory the Great Sept 590 – Feb 591, it is a handbook for Bishops aiming at reform of the office. An influential text for bishops, priests, and seminarians throughout history. |
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Studied with Jerome in Rome; he translated along with Jerome Greek works into Latin. He also translated Origen’s First Principles (398) and Pamphilus’ Vindication of Origen,
along with his own essay on The Falsification of Origen’s Works |
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| Head priest at Milan whom St. Augustine went to visit, he told Augustine the story about Victorinus. He helped convert Victorinus and Augustine. Believed he was a Christian only when he saw him in the Church of Christ. |
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| tries to reconcile the co-existence of evil and an all-powerful, all-knowing, all-good God. Augustine struggled with this in his journey from Manichaeism to Catholicism |
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| "God-bearer," Mother of God, a title of Mary given to her because God the Word became incarnate through her. Nestorius challenges Cyril of Alexandria on this term, saying that Mary only gave birth to the humanity, the instrument of the Godhead (428 |
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| written by Pope St. Leo the Great. It also goes by the name: Epistle to Bishop Flavian of Constantinople (13 June 449). The Council of Chalcedon approved it as a credible document on Christology in 451. It was written against the heresy of Eutyches who claimed that Jesus’ nature was “confounded” after the incarnation into one divine nature. |
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| Literally, “true Hebrew”. This term refers to St. Jerome’s revisions of the Hebrew Cannon according to the Hebrew texts as opposed to the septuagint texts |
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| translated Porphyry and Plotinus, two neo-platonic authors, from Greek into Latin. Augustine read his translations. |
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| In referernce to St. Jerome – Literally, it means “master (or man) of three languages”. Jerome was a master of Greek, Hebrew, and some Syriac |
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| Constantine and Licinius (d. 324) draw up the Edict of Milan, stipulating freedom of religious choice and return of all church property. Christianity became a religion supported by the imperial treasury. Constantine’s motives were more political than religious. |
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Council of Constantinople--Condemned Apollinarianism
-Ambrose convoked a synod in Aquileia to break the influence of homoean bishops |
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-conversion of St. Augustine in Milan
-Jerome established monasteries of men and women, with an attached inn for pilgrims in Bethlehem
-John Chrysostom was ordained a priest by Bishop Flavian of Antioch |
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| Rome was sacked by Visigoths with Alaric as their king. Emperor Honorius fled from Rome to Ravenna. |
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- Cyril of Alexandria’s Second & Third Epistle to Nestorius
- St. Leo the Great was archdeacon of Rome |
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| Council of Ephesus (Third Ecumenical council) |
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| Leo the Great is Bishop of Rome |
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The “Robbers Council” or Latrocinium
-The Tome of Leo: Letter to Bishop Flavian of Constantinople |
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| Council of Chalcedon (Fourth Ecumenical Council |
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| Pope St. Leo the Great meets Attila the Hun near Mantua and persuades him not to attack Rome |
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| Gregory the Great reined as Pope |
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| Jerome dies in Bethlehem (Sep 30), and Augustine writes Tractates 20-22. |
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| Gregory the Great reined as Pope |
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| Gregory the Great reined as Pope |
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| during the Trinitarian heresy he ascribes only to God the Father “of Whom”, to the Son “by Whom”, and to the Holy Spirit “in Whom”; an anomean theologian |
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| Bishop of Alexandria during beginning of Arian heresy; fought against Arian belief; maintained “Always God, always the Son.” |
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| the belief that all creatures, including the devil, eventually will be reconciled and return to God; an extreme application of the Platonic view of exitus-reditus |
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| Apollinarius / Apollinarianism |
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| an ally on Athanasius in the Arian heresy who taught that Christ was not fully human, the Logos took the place of the human soul |
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| apostles Peter and Paul, was a convert from paganism, and is the author of the 1st and 2nd letters of ___ |
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| De principiis (Peri Archon) |
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| Origen’s most important theological work, written between 220-230. The work had some errors in it, as St. Jerome’s translation shows. Origen talks about God and the Trinity, the world and its relation to God, anthropology and free will, and the inspiration and interpretation of Scripture. Book IV constitutes the first technical treatise on Christian hermeneutics. |
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| The brother of Perpetua who died at the age of seven due to ulcers of the face. Perpetua has a vision of her brother and, after praying fervently for him, has another vision in which she discovers that he “was translated from his pains.” Important as early evidence of the existence of Purgatory. |
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| Heresy which states that Jesus only appeared to be Resurrected, known as “the scandal of the Cross.” Heresy fought by Ignatius of Antioch. Heresy rejects teaching authority of the bishops. |
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| Martyred March 7, 202/3; 8 mos. pregnant when arrested. Companions prayed she would give birth early so she could die with them, not common criminals. Gives birth to daughter in prison, killed by savage cow. |
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| Successor to Meletius, took his place at Council of Constantinople. Opposite side of Paulinus the Great during Antiochene Schism. Teacher of St. John Chrysostom. Died in 404. |
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Supposed Gnostic text which contains no information about passion, death, and resurrection. A group of collective sayings; contains no narrative. Original copy is earlier than 4th century
Companion texts: Richard Valentasis, Greek text composed AD 100-110, Jesus Seminar, compsed in 1950s, limb of current scholarship |
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| known as one of the three Cappadocian fathers. The younger brother of Basil of Caesarea. After Basil's death, Gregory continued his brother's legacy in writing, theology, and politics. Placed philosophical and rhetorical training at the service of Christianity. In which case, was able to contribute to the Arian controversy of the time (wrote Trinitarian treatise That There are Not Three Gods) |
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| Cappadocian father greatly involved in discussions regarding relations of Holy Trinity. Studied with Basil at Caesarea and Athens |
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| the Son unlike the Father or other in substance/being; radical Arianism |
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| Origen's chief work on biblical criticism; contains a synopsis of OT versions in six columns |
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| the Son is of a similar substance to the Father (pushed by Basil of Ancyra, Synod of Ancrya in 358) |
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| Son is like the Father; can be compatible with drastic subordination; favored by Emperor Constantius |
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| substance relationship between Father, Son, and Holy Spirit (each share from the same substance; Council of Nicea declared the Son is homoousis with the Father; Council of Constantinople declared the Holy Spirit is homoousios with the Father and the Son) |
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| disciple of John the Apostle; second or third bishop of Antioch; first occurrence of Catholic Church occurred in his writings |
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| a brilliant preacher who becomes bishop of Constantinople who reforms the Church there. As a preacher he stressed morality and represented the school of Antioch in his usual literal reading of Scripture. His preaching on morality earned him many enemies and he died in exile on road to ??? |
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| a gnostic who thought that the Christian gospel is wholly a gospel of love to the exclusion of the law. As a result, he rejected the OT entirely and only accepted abridged versions of Luke and 10 letters of Paul. |
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| -bishop of Antioch who supported the affirmations of Nicea but nonetheless was involved in schism by affirming that there were 3 hypostases in the Godhead against Paulinus and other “Old Nicenes.” His was the largest of the pro-Nicene parties and was supported by Basil and Theodosius. |
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| Bishop of the Old Nicenes. He equated ousia with hypostasis. He allowed only one hypostasis.He ordained Jerome and was backed by Athanasius and Pope Damascus in 362. Bishop Meletius, the other Nicene Bishop, affirmed 3 hypostases in the Godhead. He represented the largest of the pro-Nicene parties. |
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| a noblewoman and was known as a motherly martyr. Her prison diary was written until the day before the games during which she was martyred. Her diary contains: an autobiographical account of her arrest and initial imprisonment, her four visions and of purgatory. She was left alive at the end of the games and the crowd demanded that her throat be cut. Many observers became Christians. She was martyred with Felicity who gave birth to a child shortly before her martyrdom. |
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| a work of excerpts from Origen, assembled with Gregory of Naziansus. It was a select work by Basil the Great |
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| governor of Bithynia in Asia Minor, writes to Trajan concerning the Christians. His letter indicates the basic imperial policy throughout the 2nd Century and well into the 3rd. Christians were not sought out, but could be punished when brought before authorities. Moreover, persecutions were sporadic and based upon local animosities. As an example, confessing the name of Christian was a capital offense. |
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| Basil of Caesarea wrote On the Holy Spirit (De Spiritu Sanctu) in response to these people, in response to a request from Amphilochius of Iconium. In the work, he shows his dependence on Athanasius of Alexandria. Basil avoids describing the Holy Spirit as divinity and does not use homoousios. They were a heretical sect which flourished in the countries adjacent to the Hellespont during the latter half of the fourth, and the beginning of the fifth century. They denied the divinity of the Holy Ghost, hence the name Combators against the Spirit. |
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| Martyred in 155/6 or 167; Bishop of Smyrna; link between Apostolic age and later writers; discussed date of Easter with Pope Anicetus; wrote Letter to the Phillipians, he was martyred (first evidence for preservationo of relics) |
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| The Greek Translation of the Hebrew Old Testament. Called blank because XLL: 70 elders allegedly independently came up with the same translation of the Scriptures. Was basically held to be an inspired translation by St. Jerome. Quoted Extensively by Clement of Rome. |
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| From Carthage; pagan convert; first latin-Christian writer; “defined the Trinity as identical in essence and substance but distinct as persons” (from HO); “We multiply every time one of us is mowed down. The blood of Christians is effective seed" (semen est sanguis christianorum!) (Apol. 50.13); We read On the Flesh of Christ against Marcion Valentinian, and the Gnostics – Here he is counteracting negative influences of Neo-Platonic Philosophy – “Spirit Good, Body Bad” |
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| Arius' main work which is cited in nearly all of the sources that pertain to his writings (Drobner 236). This is the main source that Athanasius attacks in the first part of his Oration Against the Arians. The term “” means banquet. |
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| Consecrated John as the patriarch of Constantinople |
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| Consecrated bishop by Eusebius of Nicomedia in 341. He converts the Goths to Arianism. |
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Came to Rome from Egypt in 140 and died there in 165. Probably the most influential of the Gnostics. Taught about the spiritual world or pleroma, as comprising 20/30 aeons emanated by the Primal Ground of Being. The world originates in the fall of Sophia, the last aeon.
A divine element is imprisoned in this alien and hostile world, at the mercy of the Demiurge and his archons. |
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| Rome burns and Nero’s persecution begins |
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| Jerusalem captured by the Romans |
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| Clement of Rome writes to the Corinthians “the troubles” |
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| Ignatius of Antioch is martyred in Rome |
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Justin Martyr is scourged and decapitated in Rome
Valentinus dies in Rome |
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Perpetua and Felicity and companions are martyred in the arena in Carthage
Christian liturgy emerges in North Africa |
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| Decius is Emperor. He decreed that everyone had to offer sacrifice to the gods and to burn incense before his own statue. Thos who complied were given a certificate. The questions of the “lapsed loomed large after this persecution. |
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| Emperor Valerian decreed that church leaders sacrifice and forbade Christian assemblies on church property. The following year, more severe punishment for Christians of higher church rank or social class. |
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| Diocletian conducts the final empire-wide persecution |
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| Edict of Milan (stipulating freedom of religious choice and return of all church property) |
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| Athanasius succeeds Alexander as Bishop of Alexandria |
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| Basil is bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia |
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| The Reign of Emperor Theodosius – see terms and names – he was the first emperor to fully support Nicaea, call the Council of Constantinople, and strike the final blow against Arians by making the Nicene Creed official in the empire |
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| The Council of Constantinople (May-July). Roughly 150 bishops attended. Reaffirmed Nicaea by producing a creed and doctrinal statement which have not survived independently.Also, John Chrysostom was ordained to the deaconate by Bishop Meletius of Antioch |
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