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Patient Care: Final Terms
Comprehensive Final
223
Health Care
Undergraduate 3
07/25/2014

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Term
Alignment
Definition
body position in which the two sides of the body are mirror images of each other around an imaginary line that is drawn through the center of the body and center of gravity
Term
Base of support
Definition
foundation on which a body rests or stands, when a person is standing, the feet and the space between them define the base of support
Term
Biomechanics
Definition
study of the laws of physics, specifically the law of mechanics as they apply to living bodies at rest and in motion
Term
Body mechanics
Definition
the way the parts of the body work together when you move
Term
Center of gravity
Definition
hypothetical point around which all mass appears to be concentrated
Term
Mobility muscles
Definition
muscles that are in the four extremities and are designed for movement
Term
Orthostatic Hypotension
Definition
drop in blood pressure when a person stands up quickly from a sitting or supine position
Term
Stability muscles
Definition
muscles that support the torso and are designed to provide postural stability
Term
Standing pivot transfer
Definition
patient who cannot transfer independently, but can bear weight on their legs
Term
Ambulatory
Definition
able to walk
Term
Anteroposterior
Definition
direction of x-ray beam from front to back
Term
Empathy
Definition
recognition of the feelings of another person
Term
Flexion
Definition
act of bending
Term
Geriatric
Definition
pertaining to the treatment of the aged (65 and older)
Term
Immobilization
Definition
act of rendering immovable
Term
Neonate
Definition
newborn infant
Term
Pediatric
Definition
the branch of medicine that treats children
Term
Plantar surface
Definition
sole of the foot
Term
Rapport
Definition
a relationship of harmony and accord between two people
Term
Restraint
Definition
hindrance of movement
Term
Trauma
Definition
wound or injury
Term
Apnea
Definition
cessation of spontaneous ventilation (breathing).
Term
Atelectasis
Definition
collapse of the alveoli in the lungs
Term
Bradycardia
Definition
slowness of the heartbeat to less than 60 beats per minutes
Term
Bradypnea
Definition
abnormal slowness of breathing
Term
Diaphoresis
Definition
profuse sweating
Term
Diastolic
Definition
pertaining to the period of dilation (or relaxation) of the heart, especially the ventricles
Term
Dyspnea
Definition
difficult or labored breathing
Term
Febrile
Definition
pertaining to or characterized by fever
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
a constancy in the internal environment of the body
Term
Hypertension
Definition
persistently high arterial blood pressure
Term
Hyperthermia
Definition
abnormally high body temperature
Term
Hypotension
Definition
abnormally low blood pressure
Term
Hypothermia
Definition
low body temperature
Term
Hypoxemia
Definition
decreased oxygen concentration in the blood
Term
Hypoxia
Definition
the reduction of oxygen supply to the tissues. The tissues that are most sensitive are the brain, heart, lungs, and liver.
Term
Intubation
Definition
insertion of tubular device into a canal, hollow organ, or cavity
Term
Pleural Effusion
Definition
increased amounts of fluid within the pleural cavity, usually the result of inflammation
Term
Pneumothorax
Definition
the presences of air or gas in the pleural cavity
Term
Pulse Oximeter
Definition
noninvasive device used for determining the oxygen saturation of the blood
Term
Sphygmomanometer
Definition
instrument for measuring blood pressure
Term
Systolic
Definition
pertaining to the contraction phase of the heart or the ventricles
Term
Tachycardia
Definition
rapid heart beat, usually defined by a heart rate over 100 beats per minute
Term
Tachypnea
Definition
abnormally rapid breathing
Term
Ventilation
Definition
the mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs
Term
Airborne Precautions
Definition
infection control practices designed to protect against diseases that can be transmitted by airborne pathogens 1 to 5 microns in diameter.
Term
Asepsis
Definition
freedom from infection
Term
Bacteria
Definition
microscopic, single-celled organisms with a simple internal organization. (__________ are procaryotic)
Term
Bloodborne pathogens
Definition
diseases that may be transmitted through human blood and certain other body fluids that cause infection and illness.
Term
Body Substance Isolation (BSI)
Definition
infection control practices designed to protect against diseases that can be transmitted through the following substances, when no blood is visible: feces, nasal secretions, sputum, sweat, tears, urine and emesis.
Term
Carrier
Definition
person with no symptoms of disease who has within his body, an organism or a specific disease that may be transmitted to others.
Term
Chain of Infection
Definition
an illustration use to describe the route a new pathogen takes from a source to a new host, causing infection and illness.
Term
Chemotherapy
Definition
treatment of disease by chemical agents.
Term
Contact Precautions
Definition
infection control practices designed to protect against diseases that can be transmitted through touching infected persons or contaminated environments.
Term
Cyst
Definition
stage in life cycle of certain parasites during which they are enclosed in a protective wall.
Term
Dimporphic
Definition
occurring in two distinct forms.
Term
Disease
Definition
any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of any part, organ, or system of the body that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs and whose etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.
Term
Disinfectant
Definition
chemicals used to free an environment from pathogenic organisms or to render such organisms inert, especially as applied to the treatment of inanimate materials to reduce or eliminate infectious organisms.
Term
Droplet Precautions
Definition
infection control practices designed to protect against diseases that can be transmitted through droplets generated by talking, singing, coughing, sneezing, laughing, and certain medical procedures.
Term
Eucaryotes
Definition
organisms whose cells have a true nucleus. (mammal cells are eucaryotic and fungi are also eucaryotic)
Term
Excretions
Definition
waste matter eliminated from the body
Term
Flora
Definition
microbial community found on or in a healthy person.
Term
Fomite
Definition
an object such as a book, wooden object, or article of clothing that is not harmful in itself but is able to harbor pathogenic microorganisms and may serve as an agent of transmission of an infection.
Term
Fungi
Definition
general term used to denote a group of eucaryotic protists - including mushrooms, yeasts, molds, rusts, and smuts - that are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall.
Term
Host
Definition
animal or plant that harbors or nourishes another organism.
Term
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Definition
the virus that can cause AIDS or the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome.
Term
Highly transmissible
Definition
extremely infectious or easily spread.
Term
Iatrogenic
Definition
resulting from the activity of physicians
Term
Immunity
Definition
security against a particular disease.
Term
Infection
Definition
invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissue that may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury.
Term
Medical asepsis
Definition
reduction in the number of infectious agents, which in turn decreases the probability of infection, but does not necessarily reduce it to zero.
Term
Methicillin Resistant Staph Aureus (MRSA)
Definition
An infectious disease caused by a pathogen that is resistant to many antibiotics.
Term
Microbe
Definition
a microorganism, especially one that causes diseases.
Term
Microorganism
Definition
microscopic organism - small living thing that cannot be seen without the aid of a microscope. Those of interest include: bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
Term
Negative Air Pressure
Definition
air circulation in a room that draws air upward into the ventilation system. Air flows into the room when the door is opened.
Term
Nosocomial
Definition
infection acquired in a hospital (originating in the hospital)
Term
Pathogen
Definition
an agent that causes disease, such as a virus, bacteria, fungus, or protozoa.
Term
Portal of Entry
Definition
any body opening on an uninfected person that allows pathogens to enter.
Term
Portal of Exit
Definition
any body opening on an infected person that allows pathogens to leave.
Term
Procaryotes
Definition
cellular organisms that lack a true nucleus. (Bacteria are procaryotic organisms)
Term
Reservoir
Definition
alternate or passive host or carrier that harbors pathogenic organisms, without injury to itself, and serves as a source from which other individuals can be infected.
Term
Source
Definition
place where a pathogen lives, reproduces, and exits the body.
Term
Standard Precautions
Definition
precautions to prevent the transmission of disease by body fluid and substances.
Term
Sterilization
Definition
complete destruction or elimination of all living microorganisms - accomplished by physical methods (dry or moist heat), chemical agents (ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, alcohol), radiation (ultraviolet, cathode), or mechanical methods (filtration).
Term
Susceptible Host
Definition
a person who is likely to contract a disease though exposure. Persons with weakened immune systems (such as HIV positive persons) are susceptible to many diseases.
Term
Surgical asepsis
Definition
procedure used to prevent contamination before, during, or after surgery.
Term
Transmission-Based Precautions
Definition
infection control practices designed to protect against diseases that can be transmitted through airborne, droplet, and contact route.
Term
Tuberculosis
Definition
lung disease caused by a microorganism which is easily transmitted to others.
Term
Universal Precautions
Definition
infection control practices designed to protect against diseases that can be transmitted through blood and any body fluids or substances that contain visible blood, also called Standard Precautions.
Term
Vaccine
Definition
suspension of attenuated or killed microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, or rickettsiae) administered for prevention, improvement, or treatment of infectious disease.
Term
Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE)
Definition
Enterococci that are resistant to Vancomycin, a powerful antibiotic designed to prevent or kill bacterial infections.
Term
Vector
Definition
carrier, especially an animal (usually an antropod) that transfers an infective agent from one host to another.
Term
Virion
Definition
complete viral particle found extracellulary and capable of surviving in crystalline form and infecting a living cell.
Term
Virus
Definition
any group of minute infectious agents characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and by the ability to replicate only within living host cells.
Term
AFB
Definition
Acid-fast bacilli
Term
HBV
Definition
Hepatitis B virus
Term
PPD
Definition
purified protein derivative (tuberculin test)
Term
PPE
Definition
personal protective equipment
Term
Protozoa
Definition
unicellular organism that is neither plant nor animal. They are distinguished from bacteria by their greater size and by the fact that they do not possess a cell wall.
Term
Angiography
Definition
radiographic visualization of blood vessels following the introduction of contrast material.
Term
Arthrography
Definition
radiography of a joint after the injection of contrast material.
Term
Atelectasis
Definition
collapse of a lung
Term
Auscultation
Definition
act of listening for sounds within the body.
Term
Foley Catheter
Definition
indwelling catheter retained in the bladder by a balloon.
Term
Lithotomy position
Definition
patient in the dorsal decubitus position with the hips and knees flexed.
Term
Microorganisms
Definition
microscopic organisms;
examples - bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
Term
Pneumothorax
Definition
accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma.
Term
Purulent
Definition
consisting of or containing pus.
Term
Serous
Definition
resembling serum, having a thin, watery constitution.
Term
Sterile
Definition
aseptic; free of living microorganisms.
Term
Tracheostomy
Definition
the creation of an opening in the anterior trachea for insertion of a tube to relieve upper-airway obstruction and to facilitate ventilation.
Term
Trendelenburg position
Definition
position in which the patient is supine on the table and the table is tilted head down 30-40 degrees.
Term
Urinary meatus
Definition
external urethral orifice, the opening of the urethra on a body surface through which urine is discharged.
Term
Voiding Cystourethrography
Definition
radiography of the bladder and urethra in which radiographs are performed before, during, and after voiding.
Term
Barium
Definition
used as a contrast medium in radiography of the digestive tract.
Term
Bedpan
Definition
vessel for receiving urinary and fecal waste of a patient unable to leave his bed.
Term
Colostomy
Definition
surgical creation of an opening between the colon and the surface of the body; also used to refer to the opening, or stoma.
Term
Defecation
Definition
evacuation of fecal material from the intestines.
Term
Emesis Basin
Definition
Kidney-shaped vessel for the collection of vomitus.
Term
Enema
Definition
a liquid injected into the rectum
Term
Enterostomal Therapist
Definition
health professional (usually a nurse) with special training and certification in the care of ostomies and related concerns.
Term
Flatus
Definition
gas or air evacuated through the anus.
Term
Fowler's position
Definition
patient's head is raised 18 or 20 inches above the flat position.
Term
Low-residue diet
Definition
diet that gives the least possible fecal residue.
Term
Lumen
Definition
cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ.
Term
Nasogastric tube (NG)
Definition
tube of soft plastic or rubber inserted through a nostril and into the stomach; for installing liquid foods or other substances or for withdrawing gastric contents.
Term
Ostomate
Definition
one who has undergone enterostomy or ureterostomy.
Term
Perineum
Definition
region between the thighs.
Term
Purgation
Definition
catharsis; relief of fecal matter effected by a cathartic.
Term
Sim's position
Definition
position in which patient lies on his left side with the right knee and thigh flexed.
Term
Stoma
Definition
opening established in the abdominal wall by a colostomy or ileostomy.
Term
Urinal
Definition
vessel or other receptacle for urine.
Term
Viscosity
Definition
the thickness of a solution.
Term
Aura
Definition
subjective sensation or motor phenomenon that precedes and marks the onset of a paroxysmal attack, such as an epileptic attack. (paroxysmal
Term
Automatic External Defibrillation (AED)
Definition
an application of external electrical shock to restore normal cardiac rhythm and rate.
Term
Cardiac Arrest
Definition
sudden stoppage of cardiac output and effective circulation.
Term
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
Definition
artificial substitution of heart and lung action as indicated for cardiac arrest or apparent sudden death.
Term
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Definition
condition with sudden onset caused by acute vascular lesions of the brain; it is often followed by permanent neurological damage.
Term
Emergency
Definition
unexpected or sudden occasion; an urgent or pressing need.
Term
Epistaxis
Definition
nosebleed; hemorrhage from the nose.
Term
Hemorrhage
Definition
escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding.
Term
Hyperglycemia
Definition
abnormally increased concentration of glucose in the blood.
Term
Hypoglycemia
Definition
abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood.
Term
Lethargy
Definition
abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference.
Term
Nausea
Definition
unpleasant sensation, a sensation accompanying, but not always leading to vomiting.
Term
Pallor
Definition
paleness, or absence of skin coloration.
Term
Shock
Definition
condition of profound hemodynamic and metabolic disturbance.
Term
Syncope
Definition
temporary suspension of consciousness (faint or swoon).
Term
Urticaria
Definition
vascular reaction; also called hives.
Term
Vertigo
Definition
illusion of movement; a sensation of instability (dizziness).
Term
Ventricular Fibrillation
Definition
disorganized cardiac rhythm.
Term
Vomiting
Definition
forcible expulsion of the contents of the stomach through the mouth.
Term
Wound
Definition
bodily injury
Term
Wound Dehiscence
Definition
separation of the layers of a surgical wound, it may be partial, or superficial only, or complete, with disruption of all layers.
Term
Ampule
Definition
small sealed glass container that holds a single dose of parenteral solution in a sterile condition
Term
Anaphylaxis
Definition
condition of shock caused by hypersensitivity to a drug or other substance that results in life-threatening respiratory distress and vascular collapse
Term
Angina Pectoris
Definition
severe constricting pain in the chest, often radiating to the shoulder and down the arm, caused by ischemia (obstruction of blood supply) of the heart muscle, usually a result of coronary disease
Term
Arrhythmia
Definition
variations from the normal rhythm of the heartbeat
Term
Atherosclerosis
Definition
condition in which thickening of the wall of a blood vessel occurs because of the deposition of plaque (atheroma)
Term
Bolus
Definition
concentrated mass of pharmaceutical preparation
Term
Coagulation
Definition
process of clot formation
Term
Contraindication
Definition
conditions that render the administration of some drug or some drug or particular line of treatment improper or undesirable.
Term
Diabetes Mellitus
Definition
primarily a disorder of carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism secondary to insufficient secretion of insulin or insulin resistance
Term
Diabetic Gastroparesis
Definition
form of nerve damage that affects the stomach; food does not move through the stomach in a normal way, resulting in vomiting, nausea, or bloating
Term
Edema
Definition
presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the tissues of the body
Term
Extravasation
Definition
discharge or escape of fluid from a vessel into the surrounding tissue that can cause localized vasoconstriction, resulting in sloughing of tissue and tissue necrosis if not reversed with an antidote
Term
Gastroesophageal Reflux disease (GERD)
Definition
inflammation of the lower esophagus from regurgitation of acid gastric contents; symptoms include heartburn
Term
Hematoma
Definition
localized collection of blood in the tissue resulting from a break in the wall of the blood vessel
Term
Hyperlipidemia
Definition
elevations of plasma lipid concentration
Term
Hypertension
Definition
persistently high arterial blood pressure, usually exceeding 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic
Term
Idiosyncratic Reaction
Definition
unusual response to a drug that is peculiar to the individual
Term
Infiltration
Definition
diffusion of fluid into a tissue; often used interchangeably with extravasation
Term
Intramuscular
Definition
within the muscle tissue
Term
Intravenous
Definition
within a vein
Term
Metabolic Acidosis
Definition
condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of alkaline reserves (bicarbonate in the blood and body tissues)
Term
Microorganism
Definition
microscopic organisms such as bacteria or viruses that are too small to be seen without a microscope
Term
Parenteral
Definition
not through the gastrointestinal tract but by injection through some other route
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
waves of contraction that propel contents through the gastrointestinal tract
Term
Pharmacokinetics
Definition
study of the metabolism and action of drugs with particular emphasis on the time required for absorption, duration of action, distribution in the body, and method od excretion
Term
Pharmacology
Definition
study of drugs and their origin, nature, properties, and effects on living organisms
Term
Physical (physiologic) Dependence
Definition
state of adaptation exhibited by a withdrawal syndrome specific to a class of drugs and that may be produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, or administration of an antagonist
Term
Schizophrenia
Definition
chronic mental disorder characterized by periods of withdrawn or bizarre behavior
Term
Side effect
Definition
consequence other than the one for which a drug is used
Term
Subcutaneous
Definition
beneath the skin
Term
Therapeutic
Definition
pertaining to the art of healing
Term
Thromboembolic Disorders
Definition
conditions involving the partial or complete obstruction of a blood vessel
Term
Tolerance
Definition
state of adaptation in response to drug exposure that results in a decrease of one or more of the drug
Term
Topical
Definition
applied to a certain area of the skin and affecting only the area to which it is applied
Term
Transdermal
Definition
entering through the skin
Term
Venipuncture
Definition
puncture of a vein
Term
Vial
Definition
small glass bottle containing multiple doses of a drug
Term
Sublingual
Definition
beneath the tongue
Term
Anaphylactoid (antigen)
Definition
resembling an immune system response to foreign material (antigen)
Term
Atomic number
Definition
the number of protons in the nuclei of the different elements
Term
Bronchospasm
Definition
involuntary constriction of the bronchial tubes usually resulting from an immune system reaction to a foreign particle or molecule
Term
Contraindications
Definition
factors of a patient's history or present status that indicate that a medical procedure should not be performed or that a medication should not be given
Term
Creatinine
Definition
nitrogen containing waste products of metabolism excreted by the kidneys filtration system; high blood plasma levels indicate poor filtration by the kidneys
Term
Extravasation
Definition
leakage from a vessel into the tissue
Term
Flocculation
Definition
formation of flaky masses or coming out of a suspension
Term
Ion
Definition
atom or molecule having a negative charge (anion) or positive charge (cation)
Term
Molecule
Definition
stable group of bonded atoms having specific chemical properties
Term
Osmolality
Definition
measurement of the number of particles (molecules, ions, or cations) that can crowd out water molecules in a measured mass (kilogram) of water. Osmolality controls the distribution and movement of water between body compartments.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
movement of water from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane such as blood vessel walls and cell membranes
Term
Shock
Definition
inadequate blood flow within the body with resulting loss of oxygen
Term
Solution
Definition
uniform mixture of two or more substances composed of molecule-sized particles that do not react together chemically
Term
Suspension
Definition
nonuniform mixture of two or more substances, one of which is composed of larger than molecule-sized particles that have a tendency to cluster together
Term
Assimilation
Definition
process by which people of diverse backgrounds slowly give up their original cultural language and identity and melt into another, usually larger, group
Term
Bias
Definition
prejudice; thinking negatively of others without any or significant justification; generally a combination of stereotyped beliefs and negative attitudes
Term
Biculturalism
Definition
being able to negotiate two or more different cultures competently, individual and mainstream
Term
Cultural
Definition
of or relating to culture
Term
Cultures
Definition
all of the society transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thoughts by particular classes, communities, or populations
Term
Discrimination
Definition
physical actions involved in the unequal treatment of people because they belong to certain category, group, or race
Term
Diverse
Definition
differing from one another; made up of distinct characteristics, qualities, or elements
Term
Diversity
Definition
fact or quality of being diverse, different (all of the ways in which human beings are both similar and different)
Term
Ethnic
Definition
designating any of the basic groups or divisions of humankind or of a heterogeneous population, as distinguished by customs, characteristics, language, and common history; national origin
Term
Ethnicity
Definition
ethnic affiliation or classification
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
tendency toward viewing the norms and values of the individual
Term
Gender
Definition
chromosomal designation of female or male being
Term
Homophobia
Definition
irrational fear of and hostility toward homosexuality
Term
Human
Definition
people
Term
Mental and Physical Abilities
Definition
capacity to perform cognitive and psychomotor tasks
Term
Race
Definition
population that differs from others in the relative frequency of some gene or genes; any of the different varieties of humankind, distinguished by type of hair, color of eyes and skin, stature, bodily proportions, or other characteristics
Term
Racism
Definition
belief in racial superiority, leading to discrimination and prejudice toward races considered inferior
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