Term
| Which hormone controls Calcium balance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These stimulate the release of Cortisol and ACTH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the main classes, these 2 are lipid soluble hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Of the main classes, these 2 are water soluble hormones
|
|
Definition
| Polypeptides & Catecholamines |
|
|
Term
| Hormones released from the posterior pituitary gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pituitary gland is located on the ____ of the sphenoid bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
ACTH, Estradiol, Testosterone, T4, and T3 are lipid soluble?
T or F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Insulin, PTH, Glucagon, TSH, LH, FSH, EPI and Norepi are lipid soluble?
T or F? |
|
Definition
False- they are water soluble
ACTH is both water/lipid soluble |
|
|
Term
| BMR (basal metabolic rate) is controlled by ____ hormones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 systems control & integrate all systems within the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of feedback system controls the RAS (renin-angiotensin system)? |
|
Definition
| None- it is an INDEPENDENT system |
|
|
Term
| As you eat food and your glucose rises, the pancreas will release ___? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When insulin is released into your blood, your liver will respond by? |
|
Definition
| taking up the glucose and storing it as glycogen |
|
|
Term
| What signals the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin? |
|
Definition
| Hypothalamus in response to suckling of baby |
|
|
Term
| Will oxytocin inc or dec milk ejection from mammary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cortisol and ACTH are at their highest levels at what time of day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 main types of diseases of the endocrine system? |
|
Definition
1. hormone deficiency
2. hormone excess
3. target cell receptor resistance |
|
|
Term
| The pituitary gland is also known as the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The anterior pituitary is aka? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the three parts of the adenohypophysis are? |
|
Definition
1. pars distalis- most of lobe (secretes tropic hors)
2. pars intermedia- bw distalis and neural lobe(post pit)
3. pars tuberalis- made up by secretory cells, extends to hypothalamus
|
|
|
Term
| the posterior pituitary is aka? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the 4 parts of the neurohypophysis (post pit)are? |
|
Definition
1. median eminence- loc below 3rd ventricle
2. infundibular stem- neural stalk
3. pars nervosa-connected to diencephalon (the part of the brain that contains thalamus, hypothal, and post pit)
4. magnocellular neurosecretory system- unmylenated nerves from supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei |
|
|
Term
| The Blood supply to the pituitary gland is called |
|
Definition
| the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system |
|
|
Term
| the 2 types of granulated cells in the anterior pituitary lobe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACTH targets the ____ and increase secretion of ___ |
|
Definition
ATH acts on the adrenal cortex
increases secretion of glucocorticoids |
|
|
Term
| Prolactin targets the ____ glands and increases milk ____ |
|
Definition
targets mammary glands and sex organs
increases milk production |
|
|
Term
| TSH targets the ____ gland and increases secretion of _____ hormones |
|
Definition
| thyroid and thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
| FSH targets the ____ and increases ___ and ____ production |
|
Definition
gonads
increases gametes and estrogen production |
|
|
Term
| LH targets the ___ and increases secretion of ___ hormones |
|
Definition
gonads
increases secretion of sex hormones |
|
|
Term
| MSH targets the ____ and its action deals with ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TSH, FSH, and LH are all regulated by what hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone is reduced by glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone is increased by CRH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone is reduced by Somatostatin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hormone is reduced by thyroid hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which hormone is reduced by cortisol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which hormone is reduced by inhibin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| besides stimulating the adrenal cortex to synthesis corticosteroids, ACTH also stimulates synthesis of? |
|
Definition
| sex steroids- androgens and estrogens |
|
|
Term
| the half-life of ACTH in human blood is about? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Growth Hormone (GH) is aka? |
|
Definition
| somatomedian and STH (somatotropic hormone) |
|
|
Term
| Besides GHRH, what other conditions can stimulate the synthesis of Groth Hormone? |
|
Definition
HYPOglycemia
Fasting
Starvation
Exercise
ADH
Dopamine
Alpha-adrenergic drugs |
|
|
Term
| Besides Somatostatin, what other conditions inhibit synthesis of GH? |
|
Definition
HYPERglycemia
cortisol
pregnancy
obesity
Beta-adrenergic drugs |
|
|
Term
| GH effect on muscle includes a ___ of glucose uptake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GH effect on the liver includes a/an ____ in gluconeogenesis |
|
Definition
| increase- produces more glucose |
|
|
Term
| GH effect on adipose tissue & muscle includes a ___ in glucose uptake |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does GH increase or decrease lipolysis in adipose tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| estrogen and ___ stimulate breast development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TRH controls production of TSH and is manufactured in the? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Somatostatin is produced in the ____ and has a ___ effect on TSH from ant. pituitary |
|
Definition
hypothalamus
decreasing/inhibitory |
|
|
Term
In the ovary, FSH stimulates growth of immature ___ to maturation.
As the ___ grows, it releases ____ which shuts off FSH production. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In men, FSH enhances the production of _____-binding protein by the ___cells of the testes.
it is critical for spermatogenesis! |
|
Definition
androgen-binding protein
Sertoli cells of the testes |
|
|
Term
| an acute rise of LH (LH surge) triggers what in females? |
|
Definition
| ovulation NOT MENSTRATION! |
|
|
Term
| LH in men stimulates the Leydig cells to produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Insulin increases or decreases ADH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| beta-cholinergic and beta-adrenergic drugs inc or dec ADH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does DM (diabetes) increase or decrease ADH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diabetes Insipidus increases or decreases ADH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does ethanol stimulate or inhibit ADH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does CHF stimulate or inhibit ADH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the major site of action of ADH is? |
|
Definition
| cells of the medullary collecting ducts of the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| Oxytocin: milk secretion or let down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what hormones is usually lost first in HYPOpituitarism? |
|
Definition
| growth hormone- then gonadotropins, and finally TSH and ACTH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all hormones are deficient |
|
|
Term
| lack of LH and FSH leads to what in children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TSH deficiency in adults can lead to what symptoms? |
|
Definition
| HYPOthyroidism- facial puffy, hoarse voice, bradycardia, and cold intolerance |
|
|
Term
| ACTH deficiency leads to these sxs? |
|
Definition
| HYPOADRENALISM with fatigue, HYPOTENSION, and intolerance to stress and infection |
|
|
Term
ACTH deficiency results in the HYPERpigmentation characteristic of primary adrenal failure.
T or F? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HYPOTHALMIC LESIONS: can result in HYPOpituitarism and cause sxs of anorexia nervosa or HYPERphagia and massive obesity.
True or False |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sheehans Syndrome affects mostly whom? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pituitary Necrosis from hypovolemia and shock occurring in the immediate peripartum period is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caused by HEMORRHAGIC INFARCTION of either a normal pituitary gland, or more commonly, a PITUITARY TUMOR? |
|
Definition
PITUITARY APOPLEXY
SSX:
severe HA
stiff neck
fever
visual field defects
oculomotor palsies
CAUTION: the resulting EDEMA may compress the HYPOTHALAMUS, resulting in somnolence of COMA!!!
DX: CSF often has blood, and an MRI will document a hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| PITUITARY APOPLEXY can present with vascular collapse due to deficiencies of these two hormones: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF GH HYPERSECRETION BEGINS IN CHILDHOOD IT RESULS IN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GIANTISM AND ACROMEGALY ARE NEARLY ALWAYS CAUSE BY A PITUITARY ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GH HYPERSECRETION AFTER THE CLOSURE OF THE EPIPHYSIS RESULTS IN ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT VISUAL DEFECT CAN BE SEEN IN ACROMEGALY DUE TO SUPRASELLAR EXTENSION COMPRESSING THE OPTIC CHIASM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GH INCREASES TUBULAR REABSORPTION OF PHOSPHATE AND CAN LEAD TO MILD _______ SEEN IN ACROMEGALY PTS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT CAN BE MEASURED IN ACROMEGALY THAT DOES NOT FLUCTUATE LIKE GH LEVELS DO? IT IS THE SIMPLEST WAY TO ASSESS GH HYPERSECRETION |
|
Definition
IGF-1 LEVELS
CAN ALSO BE MEASURED TO MONITOR THERAPY RESPONSIVENESS |
|
|
Term
| PITUITARY TUMORS MAKE UP WHAT PERCENT OF INTRACRANIAL TUMORS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ARE MOST PITUITARY TUMORS BENIGN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF PITUITARY TUMORS? AND WHICH IS MOST COMMON IN CHILDREN? |
|
Definition
1. ADENOMAS
2.CRANIOPHARYNGIOMAS: MOST COMMON IN KIDS
3.MENINGIOMAS |
|
|
Term
PITUITARY TUMORS CAN LEAD TO AN EXCESS OR INSUFFICIENCY OF HORMONES.
T OR F |
|
Definition
TRUE
EXCESS= ACROMEGALY, CUSHINGS DISEASE, HYPERPROLACTINEMIA
INSUFFICIENT= DUE TO DESTRUCTION OF GLAND CELLS- HYPOPITUITARISM |
|
|
Term
| MOST COMMON PITUITARY TUMOR IS? |
|
Definition
PROLACTINOMA- WOMEN COMPLAIN OF AMENORRHEA AND GALACTORRHEA
DONT CONFUSE WITH ADENOMAS WHICH IS MOST COMMON PITUITARY TUMOR THAT CAUSES GIANTISM AND ACROMEGALY |
|
|
Term
| SOMATOTROPIC ADENOMA WITH HYPERSECRETION OF GH LEADS TO: |
|
Definition
| GIANTISM (BEFORE CLOSURE) AND ACROMEGALY (AFTER CLOSURE OF PLATE) |
|
|
Term
| HYPERSECRETION OF ACTH WILL LEAD TO THIS DISEASE CAUSED BY A CORTICOTROPIC ADENOMA (ON ADRENAL GLAND) |
|
Definition
CUSHINGS DZ
SSX:
reduced glucose tolerance
purple straie
moon face
buffalo hump
central obesity
muscle wasting & weakness
HTN!!! |
|
|
Term
CUSHINGS DZ LEADS TO A DECREASE IN GLUCOSE TOLERANCE
T OR F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR CUSHINGS DZ
|
|
Definition
| DEZAMETHASONE SUPPRESSION TEST (DST) |
|
|
Term
| A HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY DISORDER THAT LEADS TO A DEFICIENCY OF ADH WILL RESULT IN THIS CONDITION |
|
Definition
| CENTRAL DIABETES INSIPIDIS |
|
|
Term
| THE SYNDROME OF INCREASED ADH SECRETION IS WRITTEN: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE TWO TYPES OF DIABETES INSIPIDUS ARE: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
POLYURIA-EXCESSIVE URINATION
POLYPHAGIA-EXCESSIVE HUNGER
POLYDIPSIA- EXCESSIVE THIRST |
|
|
Term
| MANAGEMENT OF DI INCLUDES THESE 3: |
|
Definition
DESMOPRESSIN- dDAVP****
CHLORPROPAMID- ADH RELEASING DRUG
THAIZIDE DIURETICS |
|
|
Term
| RESISTANCE OF THE KIDNEYS TO ADH IS THE DEFINITION OF THIS DZ |
|
Definition
| NEPHROGENIC DIABETES INSIPIDUS |
|
|
Term
| TO DISTINGUISH CDI FROM NDI YOU WOULD? |
|
Definition
CHECK ADH LEVELS AND THE RESPONSE OF ADH LEVELS TO EXOGENOUS ADH
CENTRAL- DEFICIENCY OF ADH- LEVELS WILL BE LOW
NEPHROGENIC- RESISTANCE OF KIDNEYS TO ADH- LEVELS OF ADH WILL BE MORE NORM OR INCREASED |
|
|
Term
| THE ONLY SXS IN PRIMARY CDI ARE 2 OF THE P'S: |
|
Definition
POLYDIPSIA-THIRST
POLYURIA-URINATION
NOT POLYPHAGIA |
|
|
Term
PATIENTS WITH CDI WILL BE ABLE TO CONCENTRATE THEIR URINE AFTER VASOPRESSIN ADMINISTRATION
PATIENTS WITH NDI ARE UNABLE TO CONCENTRATE URINE AND SHOW NO RESPONSE TO VASOPRESSIN ADMINISTRATION |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DAILY URINARY SODIUM EXCRETION > 20 mEq/L is DX for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE BIGGEST CONCERN WITH SIADH (OVER SECRETION OF ADH) WOULD BE? |
|
Definition
| HYPONATREMIA THAT CAN RESULTS IN SEIZURES AND COMA/DEATH. |
|
|
Term
| INITIATES THE SYNTHESIS OF THYROID HORMONES AND STIMULATES THEIR RELEASE: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHERE TEH HORMONES OF THYROID ARE SYNTHSIZED AND STORED: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF THYROID HORMONES:
1. TRAPPING OF _____ FROM THE BLOODSTREAM
2. OXIDATION OF _____ TO ____
3. ORGANIFICATION OF _____INTO ____ AND ____- INCORPORATED INTO A ____MOLECULE
4. COUPLING OF IODINATED PRECURSORS INTO ___ AND ___
5. STORAGE IN THE ______
6. HORMONE RELEASE- STIMULATED BY ____ |
|
Definition
1. IODIDE
2. IODIDE TO IODINE
3.ORGANIFICATION OF IODINE INTO MIT AND DIT- INCORP INTO TYROSINE MOLECULE
4. COUPLING OF IODINATED PRECURSORS- INTO T3 AND T4
5. STORAGE- IN THE THYROGLOBULIN
6. TSH |
|
|
Term
APPROX TEN TIMES MORE ___ IS PRODUCED THAN ___ (THYROID)
BUT ___ IS 3-4X MORE POTENT
BOTH CIRCULATE MOSTLY BOUND TO ____ PROTEINS
AND ONLY THE FREE ____ OF CIRCULATING T4 AND T3 ARE BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE
ALTERATIONS OF BINDING PROTEIN LEVELS AFFECT ___T4 AND T3, BUT NOT FREE T4 AND T3 |
|
Definition
T4 PRODUCED MORE THAN T3
T3 IS MORE POTENT
CIRCULATE BOUND TO PLASMA PROTEINS
FREE FRACTIONS
AFFECT TOTAL T4 AND T3, NOT FREE T4 AND T3 |
|
|
Term
| THYROID HORMONES HAVE EFFECTS ON CELLULAR____, CELLULAR ____ AND ENERGY _____ |
|
Definition
CELLULAR GROWTH& DEVELOPMENT
AND ENERGY METABOLISM |
|
|
Term
| THYROID HORMONES ARE MOST IMPORTANT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ____, WITHOUT THEM IT CAN LEAD TO MENTAL RETARDATION PRESNT AT BIRTH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A CONDITION IN WHICH THE THYROID GLAND IS ABSENT OR DEFECTIVE OR IT IS PRESENT BUT DEFECTIVE IN HORMONE SECRETION |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MOST CASES OF JUVENILE HYPOTHYROIDISM/ ACQUIRED CRETINISM ARE A RESULTS OF |
|
Definition
| ATROPHY OF THE THYROID GLAND OR DEFECTIVE FUNCTION DUE TO AN OPERATION! |
|
|
Term
| THE MOST SENSITIVE AND BEST INDICATOR OF THYROID FUNCTION IS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACCORDING TO A THYROID FUNCTION TEST: IN HYPOTHYROIDISM, THE SERUM TSH LEVELS WILL BE INC OR DEC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACCORDING TO A THYROID FUNCTION TEST: IN HYPERTHYROIDISM THE SERUM TSH LEVELS WILL BE INC OR DEC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
STATE OF THYROID HORMONE EXCESS IS CALLED?
MOSTLY DUE TO? |
|
Definition
THYROTOXICOSIS
DUE TO SUPPLEMENTAL THYROID HORMONE INGESTION:REPLACEMENT THERAPY |
|
|
Term
| STATE OF THYROID HORMONE EXCESS RESULTING FROM EXCESSIVE THYROID GLAND FUNCTION IS CALLED? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HYPERTHYROIDISM CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
AN EXAMPLE OF PRIMARY WOULD BE GRAVES DISEASE, GOITER,ADENOMA, THYROID CANCER, OR IODINE EXCESS
WHAT WOULD BE AN EXAMPLE OF A CAUSE OF SECONDARY? |
|
Definition
TSH- SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA
OVARIAN TUMOR CONTAINING ECTOPIC THYROID TISSUE |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE #1 CAUSE OF PRIMARY HYPERTHYROIDISM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DISEASE CAUSED BY AN AUTOANTIBODY AGAINST THE THYROID TSH RECEPTOR |
|
Definition
| GRAVES DISEASE- THIS AUTOANTIBODY WILL CAUSE AN OVERPRODUCTION OF T4 AND T3 BECAUSE IT IS BLOCKING THE RECEPTOR SITE AND THEREFORE THE BODY THINKS T4 AND T3 ARE NOT REACHING THEIR DESTINATION. IT WILL OVER PRODUCE TO INCREASE THE CHANCE THAT THEY REACH THE RECEPTOR. |
|
|
Term
| PRETIBIAL MYXEDEMA IS SEEN IN THIS DISEASE |
|
Definition
GRAVES DISEASE
ALONG WITH EXOPTHALMOS |
|
|
Term
| THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A TOXIC NODULAR GOITER AND A GRAVES DISEASE GOITER IS THAT IN THE TOXIC NODULAR GOITER IT IS ____ AND THE GRAVES ONE IS MORE ____ |
|
Definition
TNG IS MULTINODULAR
GRAVES IS MORE DIFFUSE |
|
|
Term
1. GRAVES DISEASE
2. TOXIC NODULAR GOITER
3. TOXIC ADENOMA
4. THYROID PILLS
ARE ALL MAJOR CAUSES OF: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE INITIAL PHYSICAL PRESENTATION OF A TOXIC NODULAR GOITER WOULD BE |
|
Definition
| DYSRHYTHMIA AND HEART FAILURE |
|
|
Term
A GOITER CAN BE SEEN IN HYPOTHYROIDISM
T OR F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IF LEFT UNTREATED, CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM (CRETINISM) WILL LEAD TO ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM (CRETINISM)
HASHIMOTOS THYROIDITIS
IODINE DEFICIENCY
IODINE DEFICIENCY
THYROIDECTOMY
ALL ALL EXAMPLES OF DAMAGE TO THE THYROID GLAND AND ARE CLASSIFIED AS: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
HYPOPITUITARISM
HYPOTHALAMIC DZ
ALL LEAD TO A DEFICIENCY OF TSH SECRETION FROM TEH PITUITARY AND THEREFORE A REDUCTION IN THYROID HORMON, THEY ARE THEREFORE CLASSIFIED AS: |
|
Definition
| SECONDARY HYPOTHYRIODISM CAUSES |
|
|
Term
| THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM IN THE US IS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ANTITHYROGLOBULIN AND ANTI-TPO ANTIBODIES ARE USEFUL SEROLOGIC MARKERS IN THIS DISEASE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TO DISTINGUISH BW BENIGN AND MALIGNANT THYROID LESIONS YOU MUST OBTAIN A SAMPLE BY |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THE MOST COMMON BENIGN LESIONS FORMING A SINGLE THYROID NODULE IS A |
|
Definition
| THYROID ADENOMA- USUALLY RESULTING FROM CLONES OF FOLLICULAR CELLS |
|
|
Term
| WHY ARE MOST PTS WITH THYROID NODULES EUTHYROID AND WHAT DOES EUTHYROID MEAN? |
|
Definition
EUTHYROID- STATE OF HAVING NORMAL THYROID GLAND FUNCTION
THEY MAINTAIN NORMAL FUNCTION BECAUSE THE NODULES/ ADENOMAS DO NOT CONCENTRATE IODINE VERY WELL AND THEREFORE DO NOT ACTIVELY FORM THYROID HORMONE.
HORMONE PRODUCTION REMAINS NORMAL- NOT INC OR DECREASED |
|
|
Term
MOST COLD THYROID SCANS ARE CARCINOMAS, HOT ARE NOT!
THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF THYROID CARCINOMA IS?
AND THE ONE WITH THE WORST PROGNOSIS IS?
WHAT ARE THE OTHER 2 TYPES CALLED? |
|
Definition
PAPILLARY WITH 90% CURE RATE- MOST COMMON
ANAPLASTIC IS POOREST PROGNOSIS
FOLLICULAR AND MEDULLARY ARE THE OTHER TWO |
|
|
Term
| A POTENTIALLY FATAL COMPLICATION OF HYPERTHYROIDISM IS CALLED A? |
|
Definition
THYROID STORM- PRECIPITATED BY AN EVENT LIKE SURGERY OR INFECTION
VERY RARE |
|
|
