Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Pathophysiology
CH 1
71
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
01/27/2014

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Marfan Syndrome (Autosomal Dominant Disorder)
Definition
A rare, degenerative, generalized disorder of the connective tissue. Single gene mutation on chromosome 15

Increased Height
Long Extremeties
Arachnodactyly
Chest asymmetry
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Nearsightedness
Lens Displacement
Valvular Defects (redundancy of leaflets, stretching of the chordae tendineae, mitral valve prolapse, aortic insufficiency)
Coarctation of the aorta (most life threatening)

Complications:
Weak Joints and ligaments that are prone to injury
Cataracts Retinal Detachment
Severe mitral regurgitation
Spontaneous pneumothorax Inguinal hernia

Diagnostic may include a skin biopsy, x-ray to see abnormalties in skeleton, & echocardigram for cardiac abnormalties.

Treatment:
Surgical repair of aneurysms and valvular defects
Surgical correction of ocular deformaties
Steroid and sex hormone therapy to aid in closure of long bones to limit height
Beta-adrenergic blockers to limit complications from cardiac deformities
Bracing and physical therapy for mild scoliosis and surgical correction for sever cases
Term
Neurofibromatosis (Autosomal Dominant Disorder)
Definition
Involves neurogenic tumors that arise from Schwann cells, which keep peripheral nerve fibers alive

Type I: involves cutaneous lesions that may include raised lumps, cafe' au lait spots and freckling. Caused by a mutation on chromosome 17

Type II: involves bilateral acoustic tumors that cause hearing loss. Caused by a mutation on chromosome 22.
Term
Phenylketonuria (Autosomal recessive disorder)
Definition
Failing to meet milestones
Microencephaly
Progressive neurological decline
Seizures
Hyperactivity
Electrocardiograph (EKG) abnormalties
Learning disability
Mousy smelling urine, skin, hair, sweat
Eczema

Treatment: diet low in phenylalanine, newborns may be breastfed but the quantity has to be monitered. Avoid proteins and minimize starches. Oral medication like sapropterin.

A deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase, the enzyme necessary for the conversion of phenylallanine to tyrosine, due to mutation on chromosome 12. This leads to toxic levels in the blood. Leads to severe mental retardation.
Newborns are routinely screened after birth.
Term
Tay-Sachs Disease (autosomal recessive disorder)
Definition
A deficiency or absence of Hexosaminidase A, which is necessary to metabolize certain lipids. These lipids accumulate and progressively demyelinate nerve cells. This destruction of nerve cells leads to a progressive mental and motor deterioration. Almost exclusively affects individuals of Jewish descent.

exaggerated Moro reflex (startle reflex) at birth
Apathy to loud sounds by age 3-6 months
Inability to sit up, lift head, or grasp objects
Difficulty turning over
Progressive vision loss
deafness and blindness
seizure activity
paralysis
spasticity
pneumonia

Diagnosed by a thorough history and physical examination as well as deficient serum and amniotic hexosaminidase A levels
No known cure
Treatments:
parenteral nutrition (tube feedings)
pulmonary hygiene
skin care
laxatives
and psychological counseling
Term
Fragile X Syndrome (Sex-Linked Disorder)
Definition
X-linked dominant disorder associated with a single trinucleotide gene sequence on the X chromosome, which leads to a failure to express a protein necessary for neural tube development.

Mental retardation
Behavioral and learning disabilities
Prominent Jaw and Forehead
Long, narrow face with long or large ears
Connective tissue abnormalties
Large testes
Hyperactivity
Seizures
Speech difficulties
Language delays
Autistic-like behaviors

Diagnosis: identification of clinical manifestations and a positive genetic test.
No known cure.
Treatment focuses on controlling individual symptoms. Behavioral and psychological support may be indicated for both parents and the affected child. Physical, Speech, and Occupational therapy.
Term
Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate (multifactorial disorder)
Definition
Conditions develop in the second month of pregnancy, when the facial structures do not fuse properly.
May be unilateral or bilateral.
Severity of the deformity varies from a mild notch to involving the lip, palate, and tongue.
Feeding and Nutritional issues may occur.
Can be detected with prenatal ultrasound.
A series of surgeries is performmed to close the gap in the lip and palate.
Speech therapy and feeding devices can minimize speech delays and nutritional defecits.
Term
Trisomy 21 or Down Syndrome (chromosomal disorder)
Definition
Results in three copies of chromosome 21.
Risk increases with parental age and environmental teratogen exposure.

Hypotonia
Distinctive facial features (low nasal bridge, epicanthic folds, protruding tongue, low set ears, and small, open mouth)
Single crease on the palm (simian crease)
white spots on the iris
mental retardation
Congenital heart defects
Strabismus and cataracts
Poorly developed genitalia and delayed puberty.

Early death can occur due to cardiac and pulmonary complications (hypertension, pneumonia
Increased susceptibility to leukemia and infections
Can be detected using 4-D ultrasounds, amniocentesis and serum hormone levels.
No known cure.
Term
Monosomy X or Turners Syndrome (chromosomal disorder)
Definition
Short stature
Lymphedema of the hands and feet
Broad chest with widely spaced nipples
Low-set ears
Small lower jaw
Drooping eyelids
Reproductive sterility
Increased weight
Small fingernails
Webbing of the neck
Coarctation of the aorta
Horseshoe kidney
Visual disturbances (e.g., glaucoma)
Ear infections
Hearing loss

Result of a deletion of part or all of an X chromosome. This condition only affects females who develop gonadal streaks instead of ovaries; therefore, these females will not menstrate.

Treated by administering female sex hormones to provide secondary sex characteristics and skeletal growth. Growth hormones may also be administered
Diagnosis is often delayed until late childhood or early adolescence if the clinical presentation is more subtle, but chromosomal analysis can confirm diagnosis.
Term
PolysomY X or Klinefelter's syndrome (chromosomal disorder)
Definition
Small penis, prostate gland, and testicles
Sparse facial and body hair
Sexual dysfunction
Gynecomastia
Long legs w/ short, obese trunk
Tall stature
Behavioral problems
Learning disabilitits
Increased incidence of pulmonary disease and varicose veins

A relatively common abnormality that results from an extra X chromosome creating an XXY sex chromosome. Occur in males. Becomes apparent at puberty when testicles fail to mature, rendering affected boys infertile.

Other problems include osteoporosis and breast cancer

Diagnostic procedures include history, physical examination, hormone levels, and chromosomal testing

Treatment includes male hormone replacement. Mastectomy can be performed in cases of gynecomastia and breast cancer.
Term
Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
Definition
Three Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome
Term
General Adaptation Syndrome
Definition
a cluster of systemic manifestations as a result of modifying in an attempt to cope with a stressor.
Term
The alarm stage
Definition
includes the generalized stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system resulting in the release of catecholamines and cortisol, or the fight-or-flight response.
Term
The resistance stage
Definition
the body chooses the most effective and advantageous defense. Cortisol levels and the sympathetic nervous system returns to normal, causing the fight-or-flight symptoms to disappear. The body will either adapt or alter in an attempt to limit problems or become desensitized to the stressor.
Term
The exhaustion stage
Definition
the body becomes depleted and damage may appear as homeostasis can no longer be maintained.
Term
Local adaptation syndrome
Definition
the body is attempting to limit the damage associated with the stressor to one location.
Term
Stress
Definition
a universal experience of human existence that can negatively affect the body's fragile homeostasis state.
Term
Antigen
Definition
foreign agent that riggers the production of antibodies by the immune system.
Term
First line of defense
Definition
includes physical and chemical barriers that indiscriminately protect against all invaders (nonspecific immunity).
Term
Antibody
Definition
Proteins used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign agents, such as viruses and bacteria.
Term
Autoantibody
Definition
An antibody made by the immune system that attacks an individual's own proteins.
Term
Thymus
Definition
located in the anterior superior mediastinum;functions are the development of T-lymphocytes and the production and secretion of thymosins.
Term
Lymphatic tissue
Definition
Connective tissue containing many lymphocytes; transports immune cells, antigen-presenting cells, fatty acids, and fats; filters body fluids.
Term
Bone marrow
Definition
Soft, fatty tissue found inside of bones. Contains stem cells and leukocytes.
Term
Neutrophils
Definition
An infection-fighting agent. Usually the first to arrive on the scene of an infection, they are attracted by various chemicals released by infected tissue. They escape from the capillary wall and migrate to the site of infection. Once they get to the site, they phagocytize microorganisms, preventing the infection from spreading.
Term
Basophils
Definition
White blood cells that bind IgE and release histamine in anaphylaxis.
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
White blood cells involved in allergic reactions
Term
Monocytes
Definition
White blood cells that replenish macrophages and dendritic cells in normal states and respond to inflammation by migrating to infected tissue to become macrophages and dendritic cells, which elicits an immune response.
Term
Macrophages
Definition
White blood cells within tissues, produced by differentiation of monocytes. Functions are phagocytosis and stimulating lymphocytes and other immune cells to respond to respond to pathogens.
Term
Mast cells
Definition
Connective tissue cells that contain histamine, heparin, hyaluronic acid, slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis, and serotonin.
Term
B cells (B lymphocytes)
Definition
Mature in the bone marrow where they differentiate into memory cells or immunoglobulin-secreting (antibody)cells. Eliminate bacteria, neutralize bacterial toxins, prevent viral reinfection, and produce immediate inflammatory response.
Term
Plasma Cells
Definition
White blood cells that develop from B cells and produce large volumes of specific antibodies.
Term
T cells (T lymphocytes)
Definition
T cells are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus. Two major types work to destroy antigens- regulator cells and effector cells.
Term
Killer T cells
Definition
A type of T cell that destroys cells infected with viruses by releasing lymphokines that destroy cell walls. Also called cytotoxic cells and effector cells.
Term
Memory B cells
Definition
Type of B cell that aids quick response to subsequent exposures to an antigen because memory cells recall the antigen as foreign, and antibody production is rapid.
Term
Helper B cells
Definition
A type of regulator cell that activates, or calls up, B cells to produce antibodies.
Term
NK lymphocytes
Definition
Natural killer cells that destroy cancer cells, foreign cells, and virus-infected cells.
Term
Complement
Definition
A group of inactive proteins in the circulation that, when activated, stimulate the release of other chemical mediators, promoting inflammation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis.
Term
Histamine
Definition
Released by mast cells and basophils, especially during allergic reactions, triggering the inflammatory response. Increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and other proteins, in order to allow them to engage foreign invaders in the infected tissues.
(stimulates vasodilatation)
Term
Kinins
Definition
Induce vasodilation and contraction of smooth muscle.
Term
Prostaglandins
Definition
A group of lipid compounds that have a variety of effects, including constriction or dilation in vascular smooth muscle cells, control of cell growth, and sensitizing spinal neurons to pain.
(Stimulates pain receptors in the area)
Term
Leukotrienes
Definition
Fatty molecules of the immune system that contribute to contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle.
Term
Cytokines
Definition
Small cell-signaling protein molecules that are extensively involved in intracellular communication. includes interleukins, interferons, and lymphokines.
Term
Tumor Necrosis Factor
Definition
A group of cytokines that can cause cell death (apoptosis).
Term
Chemotactic factors
Definition
Attract phagocytes to the area of inflammation.
Term
Inflammatory response, pyrogens, interferons, and complement proteins.
Definition
Four components of the second line of defense
Term
Inflammatory response
Definition
characterized by erythema, edema, heat, and pain at the site.
Term
Pyrogens
Definition
are molecules released by macrophages that have been that have been exposed to bacteria. They travel to the hypothalamus, the portion of the brain that controls body temperature. They turn up heat on the bacteria producing fever and creating an unpleasant environment for bacterial growth.
Mild fevers also cause the spleen and liver to reduce iron from the blood, which is reqired by many bacteria to reproduce.
Term
Interferons
Definition
Small proteins released from cells infected by viruses. They diffuse away from the site of invasion through the interstitial tissue and bind to receptors on the plasma membranes of noninfected cells.
Term
Complement proteins
Definition
Enhances the action of antibodies. Circulate in the blood in an inactive state. When foreign substances invade the body, they are activated.
Term
T cells and B cells
Definition
mingle with antigens as they circulate throughout the body's fluids and peripheral lymphoid tissue (tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, and intestinal lymphoid tissue).
Term
T cell function
Definition
function is to destroy the antigen.
Term
B cell function
Definition
to produce antibodies against the antigen.
Term
IgG
Definition
Main defense against bacteria; can cross the placenta to protect fetus against infections (passive immunity)
Term
IgM
Definition
Fight blood infections and help trigger additional production of IgG; present in lymphocyte cells; first antibody made by a developing fetus.
Term
IgA
Definition
Found in membranes of respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, tears, saliva, mucus, and colostrum; important in local immunity.
Term
IgE
Definition
Protects the body in mucus membranes and skin; triggers allergic reactions.
Term
IgD
Definition
Present in blood serum (in small amounts) and B cell surfaces; receptor for antigens; helps anchor cell membranes.
Term
Natural Active
Definition
Pathogens enter the body and cause illness; antibodies form. (memory)ex:person has rubella once
Term
Artificial Active
Definition
Vaccine is injected into the body, antibodies form.
Term
Natural Passive
Definition
Antibodies are passed directly from mother to child to provide temporary protection. (no memory)
Term
Artificial Passive
Definition
Antibodies are injected into the body (antiserum) to provide temporary protection or to minimize severity of an infection. (no memory)
Term
Hypersensitivity
Definition
an inflated or inappropriate response to an antigen. The result is inflammation and destruction of healthy tissue.
Term
type I hypersensitivity
Definition
allergens activate T cells which bind to mast cells. Repeated exposure to large doses of the allergen is usually necessary to cause this response.
Term
type II hypersensitivity
Definition
the destruction of a target cell by an antibody-directed, cell surface antigen. Reactions include cell lysis and phagocytosis. Examples include blood transfusions.
Term
Type III hypersensitvity
Definition
Circulating antigen-antibody complexes accumulate and are deposited in the tissue. Common tissues include kidneys, joints, skin, and blood vessels. This accumulation triggers the complement system causing local inflammation and increased vascular permeability ex. systemic lupus erythematosus.
Term
Type IV hypersensitivity
Definition
involves a delayed processing of the antigen by the macrophages. Once processed the antigen is presented to the T cells, resulting in the release of lymphokines that cause inflammation and antigen destruction. Ex. tuberculin skin testing, transplant reactions, and contact dermatitis.
Term
autoimmune reactions
Definition
the body's normal defenses become self-destructive--- recognizing self as foreign.
Term
immunodeficiency
Definition
a diminished or absent immune response increases susceptibility to infections.
Term
primary deficits
Definition
basic developmental failures, many resulting from genetic or congenital abnormalties
Term
secondary or acquired immunodeficiency
Definition
a loss of immune function because of specific cause.
Term
opportunistic infections
Definition
infections caused by pathogensthat do not normally cause disease in healthy individuals.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!