Term
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Definition
| 1) Study of the disturbance of normal mechanical or physical biochemical function of a tissue as a result of disease or pathological processes. |
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Term
| __________ normally develop in dividing cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is responsible for converting a specialized cell in G0 back to a dedifferentiated state? |
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Definition
| 1) Neoplastic transformation |
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Term
| How many cell are needed for overt cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| The first clinical problems of neoplasias arise when a tumor does what? |
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Definition
| 1) Creates a physiological disturbance |
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Term
| What are the 2 categories of tumors? |
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Definition
1) Those that grow locally without invading nearby tissue (benign)
2) Those that invade nearby tissue and spawn metastases (malignant) |
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Term
| Metstases often spread to specific organ sites like the lungs, liver, bones, and brain via what channel? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 reasons that influence metastases to spread to organ sites such as the lungs, liver, bones, and brain? |
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Definition
1) Indiscriminately colonize at an distant site, but can multiply only in sites that have appropriate growth factors
2) Become glued to specific sites
3) Are selectively attracted specific sites by organ specific molecules, such as chemotaxins. |
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Term
| True or False: Metastases can discriminately colonize at any site, but can multiply only in sites that have appropriate cellular growth factors. |
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Definition
| 1) False: Metastases can indiscriminately colonize at any distant site with the appropriate growth factors. |
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Term
| What are the organ-specific molecules which attract metastases to come to specific organs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main channel which provides route for metastasizing colon cancer cells to access the liver? |
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Definition
| 1) The hepatic portal vein |
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Term
| True or False: Breast cancer rarely metastasizes to the brain. |
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Definition
| 1) False: Breast cancer FREQUENTLY metastasizes to the brain |
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Term
| True or False: The majority of human epithelial tumors are malignant. |
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Definition
| 1) False: The majority of human epithelial tumors are BENIGN |
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Term
| Paracrine is __________ signaling while autocrine is __________ hormonal stimulations. |
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Definition
1) Local
2) Autostimulatory |
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Term
| What are the direct systemic effects of neoplasia? |
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Definition
1) Compression
2) Invasion leading to pain and dysfunction |
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Term
| What are the indirect systemic effects of neoplasia? |
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Definition
| 1) Elaboration of peptide hormones and cytokines to give paraneoplastic syndrome |
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Term
| What are the systemic effects of cytokines as a paraneoplastic factor? |
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Definition
| 1) May be responsible for tumor-related fevers and weight loss |
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Term
| What are the systemic effects of the breakdown of nucleic acid, cellular cytoplasmic and membrane products as paraneoplastic factors? |
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Definition
| 1) Result in electrolyte and metabolic abnormalities and coagulopathic disorders (clotting or bleeding) |
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Term
| What are the systemic effects of the production of auto-antibodies against autologous tumor-associated antigens as paraneoplastic factors? |
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Definition
1) Autoimmune disease
2) Hemolytic anemia |
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Term
| What are the systemic effects of altered expression of integrins as a paraneoplastic factor? |
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Definition
| 1) Adhesion molecules decreases, mediating invasion and spread |
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Term
| What are the systemic effects of factors that stimulate production of stromolysib 3 by stromal cell as a paraneoplastic factor? |
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Definition
1) Promote tumor invasion
2) Reduce survival rate |
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Term
| What type of epithelial cells line the blood and lymph vessels? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of epithelial cells line the cortex and medulla of the kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of epithelial cells line the intestinal villi (actin)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of epithelial cells line the tracheal lumen (cilia and microtubules)? |
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Definition
| 1) Ciliated pseudostratified columnar |
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Term
| What type of epithelial cells line the esophagus? |
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Definition
| 1) Stratified squamous (non-keratinized) |
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Term
| What type of epithelial cells line the layers of surface skin? |
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Definition
| 1) Stratified squamous (kertainized) |
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Term
| What type of epithelial cells line the ureter and the bladder |
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Definition
| 1) Transitional (contracted and distended) |
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Term
| What epithelial layer separates epithelial cells from the connective tissue beneath? |
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Definition
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Term
| What develops from cells that protect the epithelium and the underlying tissue from contents of the lumen? |
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Definition
| 1) Squamous cell carcinomas |
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Term
| __________ are produced from specialized cells that secrete substances into the ducts or cavities that they line. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 main types of epithelial carcinomas? |
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Definition
1) Adenocarcinomas
2) Squamous cell carcinomas |
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Term
| __________ are often found in major organ systems, while __________ __________ __________ are often found in areas that protect the epithelium and underlying tissue. |
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Definition
1) Adenocarcinomas
2) Squamous cell carcinomas |
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Term
| How are the squamous epithelia of the cervix of the uterus and the skin organized (how are new cells introduced to the specific areas)? |
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Definition
| 1) Mature flattened cells at the surface are continually shed (dead keratinocytes of the skin) and are replaced by less mature cells produced below |
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Term
| True or False: A large portion of carcinomas that occur in children and young adults are non-epitheliail. |
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Definition
| 1) False: A large portion of NEOPLASIAS that occur in children and young adults are non-epithelial |
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Term
| What 2 factors cause carcinoid tumors? |
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Definition
1) Enterochromaffin cells
2) Paraneoplastic syndrome |
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Term
| Enterochromaffin cells produce substances that have profound effects where in the body? |
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Definition
1) The circulatory system
2) GI tract
3) Lungs |
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Term
| True or False: 1/3 of the carcinoid tumors in the small bowel are benign in the gut. |
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Definition
| 1) False: 2/3 of the carcinoid tumors in the small bowel are benign in the gut. |
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Term
| In carcinoid tumors, malignant cells often metastasize over to what organ with a poor prognosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: In carcinoid tumors there is a large distinction between malignant and benign cells. |
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Definition
| 1) False: In carcinoid tumors there is LITTLE distinction between malignant and benign cells. |
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Term
| What is the source of germ cell tumors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 benign tumors often exist in germ cell tumors? |
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Definition
| 1) Benign teratomas often coexist with malignant teratocarcinomas |
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Term
| What 2 hormones are often secreted by germ cell tumors? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Radiation therapy is often an effective treatment for germ cell tumors. |
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Definition
| 1) False: CHEMOTHERAPY is often an effective treatment for germ cell tumors |
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Term
| Mesenchymal (sarcomas) are cancer of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mesenchymal (sarcomas) are most common in what group of people? |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ grade sarcomas have less propensity for tissue invasion while __________ grade sarcomas are highly invasive with metastatic spread to regional lymph nodes and distant organs. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mesenchymal (sarcomas) are characterized by what mutations? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are osteosarcomas benign or malignant? |
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Definition
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Term
| Osteosarcomas are usually found in what area of the body? |
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Definition
| 1) The lower extremities, especially in the area surrounding the knee. |
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Term
| Are liposarcomas benign or malignant? |
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Definition
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Term
| Liposarcoms arise from cells closely aligned to what other type of cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the role of adipocytes? |
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Definition
| 1) To store lipid gloublues in various tissues |
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Term
| Are leiomyosarcomas benign or malignant? |
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Definition
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Term
| Leiomyosarcomas arise from what cells? |
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Definition
| 1) Those that form smooth muscle |
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Term
| Are rhabdomyosarcoms benign or malignant? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rhabdomyosarcomas arise from what cells? |
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Definition
| 1) Cells forming striated skeletal muscle |
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Term
| Rhabdomyosarcomas are usually found in what areas of the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Undetermined sarcomas usually arise in what area? |
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Definition
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Term
| Leukemias are __________ whereas lymphomas are __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the source of hematological neoplasias? |
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Definition
| 1) Hematological precursors (blasts) |
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Term
| Circulating B and T lymphocyte blasts lead to what neoplasia? |
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Definition
| 1) Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) |
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Term
| Circulateing myeloid blasts lead to what neoplasia? |
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Definition
| 1) Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) |
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Term
| __________ means hyperproduction of a cell type while __________ means hypoproduction of a cell type. |
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Definition
1) Myeloproliferative
2) Pyleodysplastic |
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Term
| An increase in erythroblasts leads to what type of neoplasia? |
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Definition
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Term
| An increase in circulating mature B-lymphocytes leads to what neoplasia? |
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Definition
| 1) Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) |
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Term
| An increase in circulating mature myeloid cells leads to what neoplasia? |
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Definition
| 1) Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) |
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Term
| An increase in mature circulating plasma (activated B) cells leads to what neoplasia? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Philadelphia chromosome results due to reciprocal translocation between what 2 chromosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| The source of circulating leukemias is what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The number of circulating mature and blast blood cells leads to what malevolent symptoms? |
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Definition
1) Vascular obstruction
2) Hemorrhage
3) Stroke |
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Term
| How long is the lag in the development of leukemia after exposure to chemotherapy, radiation, and solvents? |
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Definition
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Term
| Acute lymphocytic leukemia arises from what 2 cell types? |
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Definition
1) B-Cells (20%)
2) T cell precursors (80%) |
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Term
| Acute myelogenous leukemia arises from what 2 cell types? |
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Definition
Precursor:
1) Granulocytes
2) Monocytes
3) Small rim of cytoplasm |
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Term
| Erythroleukemia arises from what cells? |
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Definition
| 1) Precursors of erythrocytes |
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Term
| Chronic myelogenous leuemia arises from what cell types? |
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Definition
1) Deranged mature eosinophils
2) Basophils
3) Neutrophils |
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Term
| Multiple myeloma arises from what cells? |
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Definition
| 1) Malignancy of plasma B-cells |
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Term
| Solid lymphomas are neoplasias in lymphoid tissue arising from what 2 cell types? They often emerge after what has taken place? |
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Definition
1) Mature B and T lymphocytes
2) Chronic immune modulation |
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Term
| In low grade solid lymphomas, T-cells lack surface __________ __________ and B cells do not produce __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| In high grade solid lymphomas, the same symptoms are expressed as in low grade, including the production of autoantibodies which produce __________ __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Non-epithelial tumors arise from various cells of what part of the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 5 cellular components that are non-epithelial and can become malignant? |
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Definition
1) Astrocytes
2) Cerebellum
3) Scwann cells
4) Rods and cones
5) Sympathetic ganglia |
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Term
| What are astrocytes? What neoplasia are they precursors to? |
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Definition
1) Non-neuronal supporting cells of the brain
2) Glioblastomas |
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Term
| Medulloblastomas are tumors often formed from what cells? |
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Definition
| 1) Granular precursor cells |
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Term
| Medulloblastomas are often found in what age group? |
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Definition
| 1) Children; 1/3 show rosette pattern |
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Term
| Oligodendrogliomas are neoplasia involving what cells? What NS does this take place in? What is a characteristic of the tumor? |
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Definition
1) Oligodendrocytes
2) CNS
3) Each nucleoplastic cell has a halo around it |
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Term
| Neurofibroma is a neoplasia involving what cells? What NS does this take place in? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Retinoblastoma are neoplasias of what cells? |
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Definition
1) Rods
2) Cones
3) Neural cells |
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Term
| Neuroblastomas are neoplasias of what cells? Of what NS? |
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Definition
1) Sympathetic ganglia cells
2) PNS |
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Term
| Melanomas are neoplasias of what cells? Where do they originate from? |
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Definition
1) Melanocytes
2) Neural crest |
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Term
| Melanocytes form pigment granules (__________) that contain melanin and are scattered throughout the stratum basale. |
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Definition
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