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pathophysiology
chapter 6
31
Pathology
Graduate
09/08/2012

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Term
Hypoxia
Definition
  • Low Oxygen in the tissue
  • Neuromuscular, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems are involved and can relate to HYPOXIA.
Term
Hypoxemia
Definition
  • Low Oxygen in the blood.
  • PO2= partial pressure of O2
  • Normal PO2= 80-100
  • When get O2 in: 3% of O2 is dissolved into plasma, 97% is attached to the Hemoglobin.
Term
Hypoxemic Hypoxia
Definition

      People have less O2 in the tissue because you dont have enough proper amount disolved in the plasma.

     

Term
Anemic Hypoxia
Definition
  • Anemia: deficiency of RBC or Hemoglobin in blood.
  • e.g: lack of iron in the blood (lack Hem), sickle cell (abnormall bigger cell--> bleeding alot), Hematoric (solid portion related with plasma or liquid portion, if more solid than liquid = blood clot)
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Term
Circulatory-ischemic Hypoxia
Definition
  • Result of low cardiac circulatory output.
  • e.g: heart attack, cardiact arrest, or shock, are all results
  • Irregular heartbeat (arythmia): make venous return irregular.
  • Causes Anemic
Term
Normal range of HEM, HCT, and RBC
Definition
  • Hem for male= 14-18
  • Hem for female= 12-16
  • Number of RBC= 4-6 millions
  • HCT for male= 42-52
  • HCT for female=37-46
Term
Histotoxic Hypoxia
Definition
  • A toxin works on the cytochrome oxidide enzyme that alows O2 get into the cell.
  • e.g: Cyanide is a toxin that blocks O2 from entering a cell.
Term
Kidneys
Definition
  • Kidneys produces Erythropoietin horemon that stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBC--> polycythemia
  • Decrease renal blood flow--> stimulate to release Renin--> Renin activate Angiotension 1&2 (vasoconstrictor)
  • Renin also stimulate Aldosteron secretion

 

 

Term
Aldosteron Hormone
Definition
  •  Affects the reabsorption of Na and H2O in kidney tubules.
  • Hypoxia--> aldosteron produces--> retaing Na--> retaining H2O--> reduce Oliguria.
  • secreted by adrenal gland, control reabsorption Na+ and water by exchanging Na ions for K ions or H ions
Term
Edema
Definition
  • Refers to an excessive of fluid which cause swelling or enlargement of the tissue.
  • Prolong edema interferes with venous return, arterio circulation, and cell functions
Term
Sodium (Na)
Definition
  • transport across cell membran by Na-K pupm resulting in high Na in extracellular and low inside the cell.
  • Na levels controlled by kidneys through action of Aldosteron
  • involve in the conduction of nerve pulse and muscle contraction.
Term
Potassium (K)
Definition
  • Hormone Insulin promotes K move into  cells.
  • Influenced acid-base balance in the body.
  • K has role in many metabolic process, conduction of nerve, contraction of all muscle types, and most impotant is effect on the contraction of cardiac muscle.
Term
Hypoventilate (acute hypoxia symptom)
Definition
  • Retaining CO2 (not breathing enough) 
Term

Papilledema (choked disk)

(acute hypoxia symptom)

Definition
  • When pressure is put on the obtic nerve (cause blumed vision) (from cerebral edem) causes u to brath faster and become fatigued. 
Term
Cyanosis (acute hypoxia sympyom)
Definition
  • a blueish tint to the lips or nails, cause from lack O2 
Term
Acute Hypoxia
Definition
  • A sudden loss of O2 (happen fast)
  • Causes change in vital signs 
Term
chronic Hypoxia
Definition
  • lack of O2 that has been going on for longer period of time. 
Term
Signs of chronic hypoxia
Definition
  • Polycythemia: rapid breathing, bone marrow produces more RBC
  • Clubbing
  • Lactic acidosis: change pH of body (increase acidicity)
  • Cause H/A, pulmonary HTN, convulsions 
Term
Cloride (Cl)
Definition
  • tend to follow Na because of the opposite charge --> high Na=high Cl.
  • Cl and HCO3 have same charge--> can exchange to maitain the acid base in the blood circulation
  • decrease cloride = increase bicabonate= alKalosis 
Term
Anaerobic
Definition
  • Metabolism with O2 
Term
Aterial Blood Gas (ABGs)
Definition
  • Reflects ventilation and acid-base balance.
  • The numbers indicate arterial blood pH (concentraion of H+ in the blood), partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) dissolved in blood and the concentration of NaHCO3 in the blood. 
Term
Respiratory and renal
Definition
  • 2 major body systems regulate of acid-base balance.
  • buffer or self-regulate acid-base balance to maintain pH within the normal range. 
Term
Body has tendency toward acid
Definition
  • Becuz cell metabolism is producing CO2 or H2CO3 and nonvolatile metabolic acids:
  1. Lactic acid results from the anaerobic metabolism of glucose.
  2. ketoacids result from incomplete oxidation of fatty acid
  3. protein metabolism may produce sulphates or phosphates 
Term
Respiratory system
Definition
  • CO2 (product of cell metabolism) move into blood, then to lungs. Then CO2 mixed with H2O @ lungs= Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
  • pH will change based on the amount of H2CO3. This signal the lungs to increase or decrease the rate and depth of ventilation until CO2 normal 
Term
Renal system
Definition
  • excrete or retain HCO3 (bicarbonate).
  •  pH decrease (H+ increase)--> retain HCO3
  • ph increase (H+ decrease)--> excrete HCO3 through the urine.
Term
Normal values of ABGs
Definition
  • pH= 7.35 - 7.45 (low= acidosis, above= alkalosis)
  • PaO2= 80 - 100(hypoxia) mmHg
  • PaCO2= 35-45  mmHg (low: hypervent, above: hypovent)
  • HCO3= 22-26 mEq/L
  • O2 sat= 95-100
  • Base Excess= -2, +2 mEq/L
Term
How respiratory balance pH?
Definition
  • Increasing of CO2 or H+ in the serum of blood-->respiratory rate increase to remove CO2 or acid out of the body.
  •  Alkalosis occurs--> Respiratory rate decrease-->retaining CO2--> acid levels in body increase
Term
How Renal system balance pH?
Definition
  • aldosterone hormone stimulus to exchange Na+ for H+
  • Kidney also provide HCO3 ions for buffer pair as need
Term
Relationship b/t Respiratory an Renal systems
Definition
  • Lungs: CO2+H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> H+HCO3 : kidneys

 

Term
Respiratory acidosis
Definition
  • pH< 7.35 and pCO2 > 45
  • Causes: hypoventilation (drugs effect), repiratory congestion.
  • Effect: Increase PCO2
  • Compensation: Kidneys excrete more H+ and reabsrob more HCO3

 

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