Term
| From what types of cells is Histamine released? |
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Definition
| Histamine is released from mast cells, basophils, and platelets. |
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Term
| __________________ causes arteriolar dilation and increased vascular permeability |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main role of prostaglandins in inflammation? |
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Definition
| Prostaglandins cause pain. |
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Term
| What does NSAID stand for? |
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Definition
| Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs |
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Term
| What is the result of COX-2 inhibitors? |
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Definition
| Relief from pain and inflamation |
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Term
| What occurs during chemotaxis? |
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Definition
| During chemotaxis, WBC move toward the site of injury following along a chemical gradient |
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Term
What three key plasma protein systems mediate inflammation?
*CCS |
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Definition
-Complement system
-Clotting system
-Kinin system |
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Term
| Which plasma protein system consists of at least 30 proteins which act on each other in a cascade? |
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Definition
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Term
The following are examples of what?
-opsonizing bacteria
-attracting WBC via chemotaxis
-degranulation of mast cells
-C6-C9 create pores in bacterial membranes |
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Definition
| Examples of complement enhancers for inflammation |
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Term
| How does The Clotting System work? |
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Definition
| it forms a fibrinous meshwork at site of inflammation trapping exudates, bacteria, ect. |
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Term
Which of the following are functions of the Clotting System?
- prevention of spread to adjacent healthy tissue
- keeps pathogens at site of largest phagocytic activity
- forms clot to stop bleeding and begin repain
- all of the above
- none of the above
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Definition
ALL OF THE ABOVE.
The clotting system prevents spread to adjacent healthy tissue, keeps pathogens at site of largest phagocytic activity, forms clots to stop bleeding and begin repair. |
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Term
| _________ converts fibrinogen to fibrin |
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Definition
| Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin |
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Term
| Activation of the kinin system leads to formation of ___________. |
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Definition
| activation of the kinin system leads to formation of Bradykinin |
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Term
| Name five functions of Bradykinin, which is similar to histamine but works at a slower pace. |
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Definition
- increased vascular permeability
- vasodilation
- pain
- may increase WBC chemotaxis
- probably causes endothelial cell retraction
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Term
Fill in the steps: Phagocytosis
1. ________a_________
-opsonization by antibodies or complement
2. _______b__________
- psudeopods extend around the pathogen and surround it (forms phagosome)
3.fusion of ____c___ with __d______
4. destruction of __e____ by lysosomal ___f___ |
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Definition
a) Adherence to antigen
b) engulfment
c) lysosomes d) phagosome
e) target f) enzymes |
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Term
Which of the following are possible outcomes of acute inflammation?
a. complete resolution
b. scarring or fibrosis
c. infection
d. abscess formation
e. progression to chronic inflammation |
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Definition
A, B, D, and E are possible outcomes.
Complete resolution
Scarring or fibrosis
abscess formation
chronic inflammation |
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Term
| During what process is injured tissue replaced by cells of the same type and original structure and function resume? |
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Definition
| Resolution- makes the injury site "good as new" |
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Term
| Explain the features of Repair, the "second best" type of wound healing. |
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Definition
features of repair:
-destroyed tissue replaced by connective tissue
-fills in the lesion and restores strength but LACKS physiologic functions of the destroyed tissue. |
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Term
| When does resolution and repair begin? |
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Definition
| resolution and repair begin early in the inflammatory process. |
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Term
| Name the three subcatagories of cell regenerative capacities. |
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Definition
1. Continuously Dividing Cells
2. Quiescent (Stable) Cells
3. Nondividing (Permanent) Cells |
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Term
_____ dividing cells proliferate throughout life
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Definition
| Continuously dividing cells proliferate throughout life |
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Term
| ____ or _____ cells have a low level of replication, and stimulation can lead to rapid increases in division. |
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Definition
| Quiescent or Stable cells have low levels replication and stimulation can lead to rapid increases in division |
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Term
| _______ or ______ cells stopped dividing during prenatal life |
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Definition
| Nondividing or Permanent cells stopped dividing during prenatal life |
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Term
Regenerative Capacity
______: nerve cells, cardiac m., skeletal m.
_____: skin, oral cavity, GI tract lining, urinary tract, bone marrow
______: bone, kidney, pancreas, fibroblasts, liver |
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Definition
Permanent (nondividing): nerve cells, cardiac, skeletal
Labil (continuous): skin, oral cavity, GI tract lining, urinary tract, bone marrow
Quiescent (stable): bone, kidney, pancreas, fibroblasts, liver
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Term
____________:
provide multiple copies of genes to speed up production of enzymes and structural proteins |
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Definition
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Term
These are embryonic cells which fuse to create the muscle fibers.
Name the cell. |
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Definition
| Myoblasts: embryonic; create muscle fibers |
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Term
| What is the function of satellite cells? |
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Definition
| Satellite cells assist with repair of damaged fibers |
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Term
| Name two factors which influence wound healing, explain. |
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Definition
1. Age : older patients vs. younger; older wound vs. newer
2. site of wound : skin vs. bone, ect. |
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Term
| What are tension lines and what decides orientation? |
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Definition
| Tension lines are made from collagen and elastin fibers in parellel bundles. Orientation is decided by normal stress |
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Term
True or False.
Debridement is not essential to would healing |
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Definition
| False!! Debridement is essential to would healing. |
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Term
| What occurs during debridement? |
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Definition
| debridement is "clean-up" of particulate matter |
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Term
Which of the following are part of the First Intention of healing?
a. formation of grandulation tissue
b. wounds with minimal tissue loss
c. an example is a degloved injury
d. an example is a sutured surgical wound
e. two of the above |
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Definition
e. two of the above.
B. wounds with minimal tissue loss
D. an example is a sutured surgical wound |
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Term
| What are the features of second intention wound healing? |
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Definition
1. large open defects and infected wounds
2. ex. degloved injuries, burn
3. formation of granulation tissue |
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Term
| What level of wound healing is a skin graft? |
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Definition
| Skin graft is a third intention |
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Term
| Epithelialization and contraction occur in second intention healing. Explain both terms. |
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Definition
Epithelialization: Covering/sealing. epithelial cells migrate into the wound. proteolytic enzymes involved.
Contraction: shrinking wound. myofibroblasts establish connections and anchor themselves pulling on neighboring cells. may move wound edge by .5mm/day |
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Term
| What two types of cells does granulation tissue contain? |
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Definition
| angioblasts and fibroblasts. |
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Term
What are the two phases of repair?
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Definition
Two phases of repair:
-Reconstruction phase
-Maturation phase |
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