Term
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Definition
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The most common type of human cancer, slow growing, and associated with sunlight exposure. Deeper than squamous cells, the originating cells are in basal cells, hair follicles or sebaceous glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| A tumor of the epidermis caused by sunlight exposure and related to arsenic and x-rays. Two types in situ and invasive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as an open fracture, either complete or incomplete, with broken skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fracture in which the bone breaks in two or more fragments. Multiple bone fragments. |
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Term
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Definition
| An incomplete fracture that perforates one cortex and splinters the spongy bone. Commonly occurs in children and old people. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of creating a complimentary RNA copy of a DNA sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process by which genetic information in an mRNA molecule is used to determine specific amino acids for a newly synthesized polypeptide. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of forming new blood cells during the development of an embryo, fetus, or tumor. |
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Term
| Hashimoto's Disease (Autoimmune Thyroiditis) |
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Definition
| Most common cause of hypothryoidism in the US due to destruction of thyroid tissue by thyroid antibodies. |
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Term
| What is paralytic ileus and what are the main risk factors |
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Definition
Obstruction of the flow of chyme through the intestinal lumen due to paralysis, often secondary to surgery, but not a structural problem. Causes constipation, abdominal distension, nausea and vomiting
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Term
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Definition
| Prolonged seizure activity or rapidly repetitious seizure activity. Medical emergency. May lead to respiratory arrest. |
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Term
| Risk factors for developing Osteoporosis |
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Definition
| Risk factors are being white, thin, female, with poor diet & lack of physical activity, lifestyle, drugs (alcohol, smoking, caffeine), cortisone levels |
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Term
| Bone structures most at risk for showing signs of osteoporosis |
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Definition
| Cortical (trabecular) bone of hips, wrists and spine |
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Term
| Microorganism most often responsible for Osteomyelitis |
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Definition
| Bacteria (staphylococcus aureus) is the most common cause, however fungi, viruses, or parasites can cause this kind of infection. |
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Term
| Reasons why osteomyelitis is difficult to treat |
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Definition
| Difficult to treat because the miscroscopic channels of bone allow organisms to proliferate, bone microcirculation is vulnerable to damage by toxins, and there is a limited capacity for replacement of destroyed bone. |
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Term
| Types of injuries you might see in an abused child |
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Definition
| Burns, bruising, soft tissue injuries. Before walking age, any long bone fractues, fractures at multiple stages of healing, Corner metaphyseal fractures. Most common is transverse tibia fracture. |
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Term
Physical signs of DDH
(Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip) |
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Definition
| Ortolani and Barlow maneuvers of the hip, palpable and audible clunk, limited range of motion, asymmetrical groin folds, shortened femur |
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Term
| How do you prevent Pressure Ulcers? |
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Definition
| TURN EVERY TWO HOURS, alternating pressure mattresses, eliminate excess moisture, adequate nutrition, oxygenation, and fluid balance. |
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Term
| What happens to a person during first exposure to Herpes Simplex Virus |
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Definition
| Virus imbeds in sensory nerve endings and presents at time of stress with clusters of inflamed vesicles, pain, sensitivity and prodrome. |
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Term
| Phases of bone healing after fracture |
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Definition
Four stages
- Hematoma and acute inflammation
- Osteoblasts and fibrous network of Ca deposits
- callus formation
- remodeling.
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Term
| What type of fractures result in the most loss of blood? |
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Definition
| Pelvic factures are by far the most (1500-3000 ml), followed by Femur at about 1000 ml. |
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Term
| Symptoms of Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy |
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Definition
| Causes slow motor development then regression, Usually begins in pelvic girdle. Signs are waddling gate, toe walk, gowers sign, depressed/absent tendon reflex, atrophy. Bound to wheelchair by ten, bed by 15. |
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Term
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Definition
| Autoimmune disease associated with swelling of joints, especially synovial membranes. Systemic, inflammatory response. Causes bone and cartilage erosion. |
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Term
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Definition
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Degenerative joint disease of the synovial joints characterized by progressive loss of and damage to articular cartilage. Cartilage wears away, bone spurs form. |
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Term
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Definition
| Burn that involves only the epidermis. Function and sensation intact. Pain, erythema, blisters in 24 hours. May cause nausea and vomiting. Peeling, and healing. No scarring |
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Term
| 2nd degree Superficial Burn |
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Definition
| Burn that involves the epidermis and some of the dermis. Skin absent but tactile, blisters in minutes, extreme pain, healing in about a month, scarring possible. |
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Term
| 2nd Degree Deep Partial Burn |
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Definition
| Burn that involves epidermis and all of the dermis. Skin absent with pain and diminished tactile sensation. May blister but most often flat and dehydrated tissue paper like. Healing in over a month, scarring likely. |
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Term
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Definition
| Burn that involves epidermis, dermis, and underlying tissue. Skin absent, no pain or tactile function. Flat, white, dehydrated tissue, to dark, dry, hard. Healing usually not possible. Grafts required. Scarring minimized by excision and grafts. |
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Term
| What patients are most at risk for developing pressure ulcers? |
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Definition
Patients who are old, immobile, Neuro patients (coma, SCI), spend extended periods on hard surfaces, friction and shear forces, heat, moisture, poor posture. Suffer from impact injuries, incontinence, infection, poor nutrition, heavy weight, disease, sensory loss and immobility. |
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Term
| How is severity of burns determined |
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Definition
| Determined by depth of tissue damage and percent of body surface covered. Rule of nines. 20% or more is considered major. |
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Term
| What happens to the spine with scoliosis? |
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Definition
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Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. One end of the vertebral bones growth plate grows faster then the other. |
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Term
| What is the primary cause of scoliosis |
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Definition
| 80% of the time it is idiopathic, but can be congenital or teratologic. |
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Term
| Symptoms of Stage I Pressure Ucers |
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Definition
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Nonblanchable skin, erythema of intact skin. |
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Term
| Symptoms of Stage II Pressure Ulcers |
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Definition
| Partial-thickness skin loss (epidermis or dermis) |
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Term
| Symptoms of Stage III Pressure Ulcers |
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Definition
| Full-thickness skin loss with necrosis of subcutaneous tissue |
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Term
| Symptoms of Stage IV Pressure Ulcers |
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Definition
| Extensive tissue destruction including muscle, bone, and/or supporting structures. |
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Term
| Process of Endogenous Osteomylitis |
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Definition
| Infection of the bone that is carried to the bone from elsewhere in the body via circulation. From bone to adjacent tissue. Commonly caused by Staphylococcus Aureus. |
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Term
| Where does Ewing Sarcoma originate? |
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Definition
2nd most common and most lethal malignant bone tumor that occurs during childhood. Originates from the bone marrow, most commonly from the midshaft of long bones or in flat bones. Femur, pelvis, humerus. |
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Term
| Type of dressing to use on Pressure (Decubitis) Ulcers |
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Definition
| Flat, moist, non-bulky dressings (hydrogel) that cannot wrinkle should be used. |
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Term
| What is the role of androgens and sebaceous glands in Acne Vulgaris |
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Definition
| Androgens increase size and productivity of sebaceous glands, which promote the proliferation of propionibacterium acnes which produce inflammation within the pilosebaceous follicle (the sebaceous gland contiguous with a hair follicle). |
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Term
| What is herpes zoster and its associated symptoms |
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Definition
| A reactivation of the varicella –zoster virus. Following prodromes, it causes clusters of inflamed vesicles that follow the dermatome. |
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Term
| Risk factors for developing skin cancer |
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Definition
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Risk factors include exposure to ultra-violate radiation, a fair complexion, exposure to coal tar, pitch, creosote, radium, and arsenic. Protecting skin during first 10-20 years significantly reduces risk. |
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Term
| Complications of Burn Shock |
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Definition
| Massive fluid shifts from vascular to interstitial tissues, which decreases perfusion to organs. Cardiac output is compromised. Evaporative water loss increases. Hypermetabolic state. Immunosupression is compromised. |
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Term
| How is Tinea Capitis contracted? |
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Definition
| A fungal infection transmitted from cats dogs and rodents (Microsporum canis) or other humans (Trichophyton tonsurans), usually between the ages of 2 and 10. |
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Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of Thrush? |
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Definition
| Clinical manifestations include a dense, white covering of the tongue which may lead to shallow ulcers, mucous membranes are red and tender and may bleed, fever, GI irritation. |
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Term
| Clinical manifestations of Atopic Dermititis |
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Definition
| Most common cause of eczema in children under 5. Onset occurs in 2-6 months. Dry, sensitive, itchy skin. Rash appears on face, scalp, trunk, arms, and/or legs. |
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Term
| Signs of irreversible cellular injury during cell death |
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Definition
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Clumping and disruption of genetic material. Disruption of plasma and organelle membranes. |
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Term
| What happens during an acute inflammatory response in the affectected area? |
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Definition
Constriction of the arterioles in the affected area, then vasodilation. Edema. Blood in the veins becomes more viscous. Leukocytes move to the walls of the vessels, cellular walls retract and leukocytes move into tissue. Week 1 pg 123 |
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Term
| Know what happens if there are numerous neutrophils on a patients WBC panel |
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Definition
Known as shift left, its an indication of infection. Immature neutrophils or PMNs (band=baby) neutrophils enter the blood stream to help fight the infection. |
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Term
| Signs of local inflammation |
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Definition
| Swelling (tumor), Redness (Rubor), Heat (Dolor), and Pain (Dolor) |
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Term
| Clinical manifestations of Systemic Inflammation |
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Definition
| Fever, Leukocytosis (increased WBCs), Increased plasma proteins |
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Term
| When skin tissue repairs itself, what forms over the injury? |
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Definition
| Normal tissue is replaced with scar tissue (collagen). |
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Term
| When skin tissue resolves (resolution) itself, what forms over the injury? |
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Definition
| Normal tissue structure is restored after injury. |
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Term
| Which antibody is mostly involved in infections? |
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Definition
| Mature B lymphocytes produce immunoglobulins, IgG is the highest in concentration at 80-85%, major player in infection, and is found in fetus and new borns. |
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Term
| Which areas of the body are most likely affected during a Type I Hypersensitivity Response? |
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Definition
Tissues that are sensitive to histamine response, because they contain large numbers of mast cells. They are the GI-tract, the skin, and the respiratory tract. |
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Term
| Describe blood transfusion incompatability and consequences |
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Definition
- Persons with type A blood have type A antigens, and type B antibodies. If this person receives Type AB or B blood, agglutination will occur.
- Type AB has A and B antigens, but no Antibodies, therefore it is the universal recipient.
- Type O is universal donor, it lacks both antigens, but has both anti bodies.
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Term
| What are clinical manifestations of Anaphylaxis |
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Definition
- Cutaneaous manifestations include pain, swelling and redness.
- Systemic manifestations involve itchy red skin (erythema), vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea as well as difficulty breathing.
- Severe cases involve airway constriction, lowered BP, and cardiac malfunction.
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Term
| What is the virus's role in Cancer? |
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Definition
| Typically initiate cancerous conditions by suppressing the immune system, causing inflammation over extended periods, or by altering the host genes allowing them unimpeded growth. This may be a result of controlling growth signals, as well as anti-growth signals, or avoiding apoptosis. |
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Term
| What are common clinical manifestations of cancer? |
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Definition
| Clinical manifestations include pain, fatigue, and cachexia (physical wasting) |
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Term
| What are common clinical manifestations of SLE (Lupus)? |
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Definition
Convulsion/psychosis, Butterfly rash, Discoid lesion, Photosensitivity, Oral ulcers, Serositis: inflammation of the heart (pericariditis) or lung (pleuritis), Hematologic disorders, Renal disorders, Arthritis, Presence of antinuclear antibody (+ve ANA), Immunological disorders (+ve dsDNA, VDRL, Anti-Smith agent).
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Term
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Definition
| Replicates by Infecting the host cell by attaching to CD4 and co-receptors, allowing fusion of the virus with host cell, and releasing viral RNA and replication enzymes. Viral DNA is formed by reverse transcription, and transported into the nucleus where it inserts itself into the host cell genome creating more viral RNA. |
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Term
| Diagnostic criteria for diagnosing AIDS |
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Definition
| Seropositive for HIV antibodies and CD4Th <200 microliters |
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Term
| Risk factors for Colon Cancer |
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Definition
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Over 50, High fat, low fiber diets. Altered p53gene, prolonged contact of fecal matter with colon mucosa, and adenomatous polyps (chr5 mutation) |
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Term
| Most common type of Lung Cancer |
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Definition
| Non-small cell including squamous cell carcinoma, denocarcinoma, large-cell carcinoma. |
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Term
| What causes edema formation and accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces? |
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Definition
| Caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased colloid osmotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, and lymphatic obstruction. |
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Term
What are the clinical findings of Isotonic Hypovolemia Dehydration
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Definition
| Clinical mainifestations include weight loss, dry skin & mucous membranes, thirst, decreased urine output, tachycardia, weak thready pulse, N>L BP, increased Hct, Serum Na levels. |
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Term
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Definition
Dont click, copy and paste the link in another window
http://faculty.alverno.edu/bowneps/raa/raa%20intro.htm |
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Term
| What is the most common cause for chronic renal failure? |
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Definition
| High blood pressure and Diabetes |
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Term
| Symptoms of chronic renal failure |
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Definition
| Uremia (accumulation of nitrogenous waste), hypertension, anorexia, edema, anemia, weight loss, pruritis (itching), and neurologic and skeletal changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| indicates a ventilation problem, or a shunt. Not enough oxygen is reaching the alveoli. |
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Term
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Definition
| indicates a perfusion problem, or dead space. Not enough blood around the alveoli. |
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Term
| Symptoms of Pulmonary Edema |
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Definition
| Dyspnea (shortness of breath), Orthopnea (S.O.B. when lying down), Inspiratory crackles, Dull percussion over bases, S3 gallop, cardiomegaly (enlarged heart), pink frothy sputum. |
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Term
| What type of Pneumothoax is a medical emergency? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the risk factors for developing a pulmonary embolus? |
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Definition
| Disorders that promote clotting, prolonged immobility, age, surgery, family history, 90% originate in the legs and pelvic area. |
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Term
| Symptoms of a Pulmonary Embolism |
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Definition
sudden onset tachypnea (rapid breathing), tachycardia, anxiety, chest pain that is increased on inspiration, profound shock and often death. |
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Term
| If a patients ABG shows normal bicarbonate, but CO2/O2 are abnormal |
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Definition
| leads you to believe there is a respiratory problem |
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Term
| If a patients bicarb levels are abnormal in ABG, but CO2/O2 levels are normal |
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Definition
| Indicates a metabolic (kidney) problem. |
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Term
| First thing to check on an ABG |
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Definition
| whether the pH is low or high, this will indicate if the person is in acidosis or alkalosis |
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Term
| Cardinal symptoms of all Anemias |
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Definition
| Fatigue, Pale Skin, shortness of breath, fast or irregular heart beat. |
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Term
| What precipitates a sickle cell crisis? |
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Definition
| hemolytic anemia-pallor, fatigue, jaundice, and irritability |
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Term
| Why would you never give high flow O2 to a COPD patient? |
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Definition
| The bodies 1st stimulus to breath is elevated CO2, which has been nullified by chronic state of elevated CO2 in these patients. Therefore they rely on their secondary stimulus, which is decreased pO2. If we give them high O2 concentrations, they will stop breathing. |
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Term
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Definition
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A condition in which ischemic attacks occur at predictable times, following activities that increase myocardial demands. |
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Term
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Definition
| An unprovoked ischemic attack that occurs at unpredictable frequencies and may increase in severity causing chest pain that is not relieved by rest. |
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Term
| What is dilated (congestive) cardiomyopathy and how does it impact the heart? |
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Definition
| A mild form of congestive heart failure hallmarked by ventricular dilation (enlarged ventricles), causes decreased systolic function and contractility. |
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Term
| Define Aortic Stenosis and what impact will it have on the heart and systemically? |
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Definition
When the aortic valve is stiff and does not open completely making it difficult for blood to move forward through the valve. This increases pressure in the left ventricle and results in ventricular hypertrophy, decreased blood flow, fatigue and dizziness
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Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of HTN |
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Definition
| Over activity of sympathetic nervous system causes vasoconstriction which increases systemic resistance. Over activity of Renin/angiotensin/aldosterone system retains salt water and increases blood volume. |
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Term
| Which organs are most impacted by chronic HTN? |
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Definition
| Impacts heart, kidneys, brain, and eyes |
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Term
| What are the risk factors for developing DVT? |
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Definition
| Surgery, orthopedic trauma, individuals with SCI (spinal cord injury), genetic abnormalities. |
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Term
| What are the clinical findings of AMI? |
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Definition
| Chest pain, Nausea and Vomiting (N&V), diaphoresis (sweating), cool clammy skin, sense of doom |
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Term
| What are the complications of AMI? |
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Definition
| Shock and arrest, heart failure, dysrhythmias (80-90% w/n 48-72 hours), pericarditis, rupture, sudden death |
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Term
| How would a typical patient present with CHF (congestive heart failure)? |
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Definition
| Morning headaches, shortness of breath, swelling/edema of the ankles and legs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Childhood onset, autoimmune and genetic causes. Functional loss of beta. Islet cell antibodies with decreased or even absent insulin production. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adult onset, environmental and genetic causes. Insulin resistance with increased hepatic production of glucose. |
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Term
| What is the most powerful risk factor for DM II? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the clinical manifestations of
DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis)? |
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Definition
| Ketonuria, Glycosuria, Kussmaul respirations, fruity breath odor, CNS depression (lethargy, coma). |
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Term
| Why do patients with liver cirrhosis have ascites? |
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Definition
| Due to decreased synthesis of albumin, colloid osmotic pressure is decreased and plasma leaks out of the vascular system and into interstitial cavities (ascites) |
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Term
| What are the four areas for bedside assessment of neurological function? |
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Definition
| LOC (arousal, state of awareness), Motor responses-ability to move, eye responses, vital signs. |
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Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of Autonomic Dysreflexia? |
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Definition
| Extreme elevation of BP, mottled skin below level of injury, above the level of injury arterial dilation, flushed skin, stuffy nose, severe headache, sweating (diaphoresis) |
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Term
What are major controllable risk factors for
CVA (cerebrovascular accident)? |
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Definition
| Hypertension, Type II DM, Smoking, excess ETOH, physical inactivity. |
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Term
| What causes a Thrombotic Stroke? |
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Definition
| Blood clot (thrombus) blocks the flow of blood in the brain. |
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Term
| What causes an Embolic Stroke? |
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Definition
| Fatty plaque or blood clot (embolism) breaks away and flows to brain where it blocks an artery. |
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Term
| What are the late clinical manifestations of Alzheimers? |
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Definition
| marked loss in ability to self care, communicate, recognize family, or control bowel and bladder function. |
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Term
| What are the risk factors for multiple sclerosis? |
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Definition
| Age 20 – 50, 2:1 female to male, the further from the equator the more prevalent, Caucasian. |
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Term
| What are the cardinal signs of Parkinson's? |
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Definition
| Tremor, Rigidity, Bradykinesia, postural instability. |
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